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How to Avoid Foolish Opinions（如何避免愚蠢的見(jiàn)解）

1. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.

1、要避免人們常常產(chǎn)生的各種愚蠢的觀點(diǎn)，并不需要過(guò)人的天賦。立幾條簡(jiǎn)單的規(guī)則就可以使得你避免荒唐的錯(cuò)誤，雖然不能避免一切錯(cuò)誤。

2. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medi authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

2、如果事情可以通過(guò)觀察來(lái)解決的，那你就親自觀察好了。亞里斯多德認(rèn)為女人的牙齒比男人少，其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，只需請(qǐng)亞里斯多德夫人張一張口來(lái)讓他數(shù)一數(shù)，他本是可以不犯這一錯(cuò)誤的。他沒(méi)有那么做，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為他知道。自以為懂而實(shí)際并不懂是一種致命的錯(cuò)誤，我們都易犯這種錯(cuò)誤。我自己相信，刺猬吃黑甲蟲(chóng)，因?yàn)槿藗兏嬖V我，它們是這樣的。但如果我要寫(xiě)一本論述刺猬習(xí)性的書(shū)的話，那么在我未親眼看到一個(gè)刺猬享受這種倒胃口的食品之前，我是不會(huì)動(dòng)筆的。然而，亞里斯多德卻不夠謹(jǐn)慎。古代和中世紀(jì)的作家談起獨(dú)角獸和火蛇來(lái)如數(shù)家珍，但他們中沒(méi)有一個(gè)人認(rèn)為，因?yàn)樽陨韽奈匆?jiàn)過(guò)這些東西的任一種而有必要避免對(duì)它們作武斷的闡述。

3. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.

3、但是，許多事情是不那么容易用經(jīng)驗(yàn)宋檢驗(yàn)的。如果像大多數(shù)人那樣，在此類事情上執(zhí)迷不誤，那么有許多方法可以使你自己認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的偏見(jiàn)。如果某—種與你相左的見(jiàn)解使你生氣，那么這就是一種跡象，說(shuō)明你潛意識(shí)地感到，你沒(méi)法給自己的想法以充分的理由。倘若有人堅(jiān)稱，2加2等于5，冰島是在赤道上，你只會(huì)感到同情而不是憤怒，除非你對(duì)算術(shù)或地理知之甚少，以致他的觀點(diǎn)動(dòng)搖了你的立場(chǎng)。最激烈的爭(zhēng)淪是對(duì)那些雙方都沒(méi)有充分證據(jù)的事物的爭(zhēng)論。迫害易發(fā)生于神學(xué)領(lǐng)域，而不見(jiàn)于算術(shù)領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)樵谒阈g(shù)中有知識(shí)，而在神學(xué)中僅有觀點(diǎn)。因此當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)你自己對(duì)不同的意見(jiàn)氣惱時(shí)，你一定要警惕；通過(guò)檢驗(yàn)?zāi)慊驅(qū)l(fā)現(xiàn)，你的信念并無(wú)足夠的依據(jù)。

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