英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)
四六級(jí)備考階段考生容易忽略對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的總結(jié),而考試時(shí)語(yǔ)法又是一大關(guān)鍵,定語(yǔ)從句在四六級(jí)考試中非常常見(jiàn),也是考試的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法,這里輔導(dǎo)老師為大家總結(jié)出來(lái)了詳細(xì)的定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),希望對(duì)大家考前的復(fù)習(xí)有幫助。
一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念
定語(yǔ)從句是指在復(fù)合句中,修飾限定某一名詞或代詞的從句。
例如:You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面例句中的the house就是后面定語(yǔ)從句所修飾或限定的詞,叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。
二、關(guān)系詞(連接詞)
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞:that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間,起連接作用,同時(shí)還做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有that、which、who、whom、whose,其中whom引導(dǎo)的是賓格,whose引導(dǎo)的是所有格。
2.that與which的用法區(qū)分
1)只能用that,不能用which作為定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)當(dāng)先行詞由不定代詞anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等代替時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只能用that而不能用which 。例如:There is nothing that I can do
b)先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)
例如:The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)。
例如:This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)
例如:He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2)只用which不用that的情況
a)引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)
例如:The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介詞后用which
例如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)(country, school, room…),而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),一般用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得留意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
例如:He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2)先行詞是表示時(shí)間名詞時(shí),而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),一般用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得留意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
例如:I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3)先行詞是the reason,而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ),一般用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。也可以用for + which的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是這里要指出的是,假如介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思,則我們只能留存介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4.判定關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一:用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必需要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
方法二:正確判定先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能準(zhǔn)確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/ 關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom,that, which, whose);先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 (where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),why 原因狀語(yǔ))。
5.限定性從句和非限定性從句
1)定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部門,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。例如:
All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. (限制性)
All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)
2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行潤(rùn)飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
6.定語(yǔ)從句的省略
(1) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句賓語(yǔ)
我們前面說(shuō)到連接詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,有可能是主語(yǔ)、有可能是賓語(yǔ),我相信大家肯定還記得,這里我們要告訴大家,當(dāng)這些連接詞充當(dāng)?shù)氖琴e語(yǔ)時(shí),可以省略。例如:
1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.
2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.
(2) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)
當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)時(shí),也可以省略,但是省略后的從句要發(fā)生形式的變化,原從句若為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)要變成分詞ing形式,原從句若為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)直接為過(guò)去動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中稱為分詞作定語(yǔ)。例如:
The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
SP: (1) why的先行詞reason或可用that 指代的名詞也是定語(yǔ)從句的原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞可以省略。例如:
1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.
2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.
(2) 表示方式的先行詞way,其后的關(guān)系代詞可用that也可省略,例如:
1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.
2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.
以上就是老師為大家總結(jié)的關(guān)于四六級(jí)考試中定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),內(nèi)容看似復(fù)雜,實(shí)際上很容易掌握,對(duì)照題目來(lái)看很多疑惑都能引刃而解,考試中無(wú)論翻譯還是作文當(dāng)中都會(huì)頻繁用到,希望考生能夠完全掌握。
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