二．主體段的高端寫作理論

1． 原因段

在原因段的論述中，建議考生們?cè)诿苛信e一個(gè)原因后記得用示例或者因果對(duì)于列舉的原因繼續(xù)展開討論。每個(gè)原因間用列舉的連詞隔開。比如：

In my opinion, most people commit crimes because they want something they cannot have. Advertising intensifies the desire for luxury goods and celebrity lifestyles, and although it is necessary to promote sales and improve the economy, it can encourage feelings of greed and jealousy. In addition to this, young people especially are vulnerable to peer pressure. For instance, they may be influenced by their friends to start taking drugs or stealing cars for fun.

在上面這個(gè)例子中，作者羅列了犯罪的2個(gè)原因，即貪婪和同輩的壓力。在原因表達(dá)以后，作者分別各自用了一個(gè)因果和例子來(lái)繼續(xù)發(fā)展。請(qǐng)注意，第一個(gè)原因后的那個(gè)句子是解釋貪婪的原因，屬于因果法；而第二個(gè)原因后作者是通過(guò)舉例的方式來(lái)進(jìn)一步論述。

Otherwise-good people are sometimes unlucky and put in situations where they feel crime is the only option. I think that the most common cases are needing money. This could be to fuel drug habits, support a family or nothing except pure greed. Bad upbringing is often argued as a cause. For example, if a child sees parents or other adults using violence, they may be more likely to think it is acceptable to use violence as an answer to problems.

As I see it, the main reason aid money is ineffective is corruption. In developing countries, civil servants, teachers and policemen are paid so little that they are unable to live on their salaries. For this reason, they are forced to take money for favors, and as a result, money goes missing before it can reach the people it is intended for. Consequently, the gap between rich and poor becomes wider, and so we see tyrants and dictators living in palaces while their people starve.

上述段落只論述了一個(gè)原因，即富國(guó)提供給窮國(guó)的資金為什么得不到很好的利用的原因是腐敗。在原因表達(dá)后，作者先用了一個(gè)舉例，這個(gè)舉例其實(shí)也可以當(dāng)作腐敗的原因，即原因的原因。然后作者繼續(xù)討論原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果。請(qǐng)注意，若原因段只討論一個(gè)原因的話，考慮到篇幅的因素，必須通過(guò)舉例加因果的組合對(duì)本段論述的原因作深入的討論。

2． 解決方案段

在提供解決方案的時(shí)候，我們一般也是先用列舉的方式羅列各種方案，但是在方案之后我們可以有多種發(fā)展方式，一個(gè)是介紹如何實(shí)施，一個(gè)是討論這個(gè)方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，最后就是解釋為什么會(huì)有這個(gè)方案的提出。以下我們來(lái)看二個(gè)例子：

It seems to me that poorer nations would benefit more from education and training 方案than financial aid. Professionals from all fields can donate some of their time to teaching local people new skills, 如何實(shí)施 and as a consequence, they will be able to teach others in turn. 方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn) As poverty is caused by ignorance, 為什么會(huì)有這個(gè)方案的提出so education is the key to prosperity. When financial donations are made, foreign governments need to ensure that there is a system which can account for their distribution如何實(shí)施 so that the money does not disappear. Thus, it is more likely to be used for the development of the country’s infrastructure, and in helping the poor and needy. 方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

I feel that there are three ways that crime can be reduced. Firstly, most developed countries have a large and well-paid police force. However, they spend most of the time in cars. 為什么會(huì)有這個(gè)方案的提出They need to be more visible on the street. Secondly, young people need to be educated about how they can contribute to society. Finally, parents should be more responsible. They have children, yet they do not control their behaviors. Consequently, the children grow up without learning the rules of society. 為什么會(huì)有這個(gè)方案的提出

三．結(jié)尾段的高端寫作理論

建議在分析解決型結(jié)尾段里，一般寫作遵循的原則是回顧全文+觀點(diǎn)+展望未來(lái)。其中表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)是必須包含的部分，而第一和第三則視題目而定，以下我們來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子：

On the whole, I do not believe that we can ever rid our society of all crime, 回顧全文 but if the measures I have suggested here were taken, I am convinced that we would seen an improvement. 觀點(diǎn) What is more, none of these suggestions would be expensive to apply. 展望未來(lái)

All in all, the problem of world poverty cannot be solved by money alone. 回顧全文 Nations need to work together on long-tem projects, sharing their knowledge and skills so that each person has something valuable to offer their community. 觀點(diǎn)

以上2個(gè)結(jié)尾段中，我們可以總結(jié)出幾個(gè)句型結(jié)構(gòu)：I (do not) believe that… (However) I am convinced that… It will continue to… 而對(duì)于一些社會(huì)類話題的總結(jié)，“but if the measures I have suggested here were taken, I am convinced that we would see an improvement.”這個(gè)句型值得參考。