審題是指在真正動(dòng)筆寫作之前對(duì)于考題的理解和分析的過(guò)程。它是雅思寫作的第一步,也是非常關(guān)鍵的一個(gè)步驟,它直接關(guān)系著一篇作文的質(zhì)量。良好的審題,能正確引導(dǎo)考生進(jìn)行接下來(lái)的幾個(gè)寫作步驟——頭腦風(fēng)暴(brain storming),結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作(writing-up work);反之,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致偏題甚至跑題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。那么,具體應(yīng)該如何審題呢?今天我們就為大家整理了雅思作文審題的步驟和技巧解析,一起來(lái)看一下吧。

  一、雅思寫作題目特點(diǎn)

  雅思寫作命題主要是由兩大主題部分構(gòu)成:Background information和Question。例如:2013年11月9日大作文考題:

  Young people who commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. ——(Background information)

  To what extent do you agree or disagree? ——(Question)

  在Background information里,我們可以找到具體的寫作的話題(eg. 犯罪)。而且,這些話題通常以三種形式出現(xiàn):一個(gè)獨(dú)立觀點(diǎn)(Some people think giving aid to poorer countries has more negative effects than positive effects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?)、兩個(gè)對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)(Some people think they have right to use as much fresh water as they want,others,otherwise believe governments should strictly control the use of fresh water as it is limited resource. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.)和一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題(Not enough students choose science subjects in university in many countries. What are the reasons for this problem? What are the effects to the society?)。

  至于在第二部分——Question中,我們可以找到作文的提問(wèn)方式。(具體見以下“按提問(wèn)方式分類”部分)

  二、雅思寫作分類

  雅思大作文根據(jù)不同的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可以分成不同類別,下面主要給大家介紹兩大分類方法:

  1. 按話題分類

  雅思大作文經(jīng)常涉及到的話題包括:社會(huì)、教育、科技、文化、政府;同時(shí),也包括一些出題頻率相對(duì)較低的話題:犯罪、環(huán)境、媒體、動(dòng)物、女性等。對(duì)不同話題的熟悉和總結(jié),可以幫助考生考前了解考試內(nèi)容,實(shí)現(xiàn)做好心理準(zhǔn)備并做出相應(yīng)的準(zhǔn)備工作,如,總結(jié)素材。

  2. 按提問(wèn)方式分類

  按照提問(wèn)方式,雅思大作文主要可以分為三大類:Argumentation、Report和Mixed type。

  l Argumentation

  議論文是大作文中出題頻率最高的一類,約占到70%,主要可以歸為以下五類:

  Do you agree or disagree?

  To what extent do you agree or disagree?

  Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

  Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.

  Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages?

  五種類別中,其中第二種和第三種考察頻率最高,幾乎占到80%。

  l Report

  報(bào)告類作文的提問(wèn)方式以what are the reasons for this和give some solutions為主打;其次,也經(jīng)常會(huì)問(wèn)到what are the effects或are there any other factors等。

  l Mixed type

  Mixed type是指提問(wèn)方式由一個(gè)議論文的提問(wèn)方式加上一個(gè)報(bào)告類的提問(wèn)方式構(gòu)成,兩個(gè)問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)順序不固定。比如說(shuō):

  Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve traffic problems and pollution. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you think are more effective?

  三、特殊題目的處理

  1. 題目中遇到生詞怎么辦

  總體來(lái)說(shuō),雅思寫作題目中的詞匯屬于基礎(chǔ)詞匯,基本不會(huì)涉及到高難度詞語(yǔ)。但是,如果在考試中偶爾碰到不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞該怎么處理呢?

  首先,如果題目background information出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)對(duì)比觀點(diǎn),如果一方觀點(diǎn)中有詞匯不認(rèn)識(shí),可通過(guò)另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)推出該詞的大致意思。例如:Some people think students should go to boarding schools instead of living at home. Do you agree or disagree? 此題中,比方說(shuō)有同學(xué)不認(rèn)識(shí)boarding school,那么可以通過(guò)live at home推測(cè)出其意思,因?yàn)?,這兩者是對(duì)立關(guān)系,所以,學(xué)生住在家里的對(duì)立面應(yīng)該是住在學(xué)校里,由此推測(cè)boarding school應(yīng)該是指寄宿學(xué)校。

  此外,有些生詞后面會(huì)給出具體的例子,那么我們可以根據(jù)例子來(lái)推測(cè)該詞的意思。比方說(shuō),In many countries, fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and crude oil are the main source of energy while in some other countries, the use of alternative sources of energy such as wind power and solar energy is increasingly encouraged. To what extent do you think this is a positive development? 很多同學(xué)都不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)題目中的fossil fuel和alternative sources兩個(gè)詞,但是我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩個(gè)詞后面都跟了具體的例子,通過(guò)分析例子,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們分別有共性,一種是傳統(tǒng)能源而另一種則是清潔能源,故此,推斷出這兩個(gè)詞的意思。

  但是,如果實(shí)在推測(cè)不出生詞的意思,那么只有避開生詞部分,轉(zhuǎn)而討論另一方面,比如boarding school VS living at home這個(gè)話題,如果考生不熟悉boarding school,那大可以轉(zhuǎn)向討論學(xué)生住在家里的好處。

  2. 注意題目中細(xì)節(jié)信息

  There are an increasing number of juvenile delinquents. What are the causes of this phenomenon? How can we solve this problem? 這是很典型的犯罪類題目,很多烤鴨們看到這個(gè)題目很興奮,因?yàn)榇蟛糠峙嘤?xùn)老師都會(huì)在課堂上講到這類犯罪類話題。但是,這個(gè)題目還是會(huì)有不低的偏題率。首先,由于審題不細(xì)致,juvenile(青少年)這個(gè)詞容易被忽略,因此,寫作對(duì)象便被擴(kuò)大成整個(gè)社會(huì)的犯罪。此外,increasing這個(gè)詞也很重要,題目中提問(wèn)的是“為什么會(huì)有越來(lái)越多的青少年犯罪”,體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)犯罪率上升的趨勢(shì),而不是單純的“為什么會(huì)有犯罪”。所以,審題時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意一些細(xì)節(jié)信息的表達(dá)。

  There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? 注意題目中的第一問(wèn)——這些問(wèn)題是什么,應(yīng)當(dāng)分別從social、medical和technical三個(gè)角度分析手機(jī)使用帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。但是,很多考生卻錯(cuò)誤地整體分析手機(jī)帶來(lái)的消極影響,忽略了三個(gè)方面的分析。

  四、審題步驟

  基于以上分析,因此,三立在線雅思頻道建議“烤鴨們”按以下步驟認(rèn)真進(jìn)行審題:

  1. 通讀一篇題目,了解話題和提問(wèn)方式;

  2. 細(xì)讀題目,抽取題目中觀點(diǎn)或?qū)α⒂^點(diǎn);

  3. 再讀題目,著重劃出關(guān)鍵詞,辯論焦點(diǎn)或其它絕對(duì)詞/句,限定詞及increasing number of等需要引起高度關(guān)注的詞句。

  總體而言,雅思寫作審題任務(wù)其實(shí)不難,也沒(méi)什么高深的技巧。但是,很多學(xué)生由于粗心或者不懂得題目類別及各個(gè)類別的特點(diǎn),看到似曾相識(shí)的題目,沒(méi)有仔細(xì)審題,動(dòng)筆就寫,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致偏題甚至跑題,最終拿到一個(gè)比自己預(yù)想低得多的成績(jī)。因?yàn)?,雅思寫作題目雖然話題重復(fù)率很高,但是通常會(huì)在原有話題基礎(chǔ)上做些小的調(diào)整和改動(dòng),那么,在審題環(huán)節(jié)不注意的烤鴨們就不知不覺(jué)地栽了個(gè)大跟斗。