【雅思寫作】如何靈活運用正式的書面語
二 被動句式的使用
在比較正式的新聞、商務、法律等英語文體中,被動句式因為其更突出客觀性的賓語或者事實被廣為使用。雅思的圖表分析和議論文都是比較正式的文體,所以建議考生也應該注意多用被動句式。尤其是在以下兩個方面:
1.主語不確定
Someone murdered the millionaire last night.→
The millionaire was murdered last night.
2. 主語是泛指很多人或者大部分人
To improve the air quality, we should reduce the use of private cars. →
To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced.
Most people think that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.→
It is widely believed that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.
被動句的用法不僅體現(xiàn)在主句中,在從句、非謂語動詞短語中都有可能用到,如:
It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to control the software piracy. →
It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to have the software piracy controlled.
I don’t expect that she returned. → She is not expected to have returned.
I am not sure whether the college graduates will find jobs in the financially difficult year. →
I am not sure whether the college graduates will get employed in the financially difficult year.
但是因為漢語中本來是沒有被動句式的,所以受漢化思維的影響很多考生不會想到這一點。這就要求我們對此要引起足夠的重視,并且在平時多加練習以培養(yǎng)對其敏感度。
三 名詞化
寫作中把原本用動詞或者形容詞表達的地方換成名詞叫做名詞化(nominalization)。名詞化是為了避免太多動詞造成的句法處理上的困難,同時也可以把某些陳述型的句式轉(zhuǎn)化成更客觀的評價句,更符合議論文的文體要求。如:
Our monitor didn’t come today.?? He has got a flu.
很明顯這兩個小句可以用因果關系的信號詞連成一句:Because our monitor has a flu, he didn’t come today.,但這個because引導的原因狀語從句以及其它的狀語從句是考生們很常用的復合句,雖然看似比較復雜,其實仍然是某個人做主語。如果非謂語動詞掌握得好,可能我們會想到用Having a flu, our monitor didn’t come today.如果我們把前后兩部分分別用一個概括性的名詞來替代,中間加上我們熟悉的表示因果關系的動詞,這個句子就非常符合議論文的風格:The flu caused the absence of our monitor today.或者The absence of our monitor is because of his illness.至少我們可以盡量將其中的一個小句變成名詞,減少某個人做主語的口語化句式的出現(xiàn)頻率。
雖然這種表達方法更為客觀,句式上更加簡潔,但是用比較抽象的概括性詞匯來寫句子對于越來越趨于低齡化的考生來說的確是個挑戰(zhàn)。但是有一些單詞是我們在寫作中幾乎必須要用到的,總結(jié)認為考生在平時的備考中要準備好以下幾個常見的名詞化:lack of(if there is no…), ignorance of (don’t know …), illiteracy in(can’t read…/ can’t use…), failure (didn’t do…)等。而且在具體的使用過程中可以結(jié)合介詞with使用,使得句法更加凝練。此外個別單詞也可以利用題目中的動詞的名詞性后綴如: -tion,-ment, -isation, -ness, -ity等或者變成動名詞形式-ing。如:
More younger generations celebrate the western festivals→the celebration of the western festivals by more younger generations
四 個別表達
在此提醒考生們,如more and more/ a lot等口語化的短語應盡量避免,可以用increasing(ly),a large number of…/a great deal of…./swarms of…等代替。此外縮略形式也是正式的寫作中要避免的。