沖刺四級高分：仔細(xì)閱讀解題技巧（三）
以下是仔細(xì)閱讀技巧十大命題處的后續(xù)講解~（第6-10命題處）
6. 定義結(jié)論處
很多文章中會出現(xiàn)考生不熟悉的概念，作者往往會對這些概念給出相應(yīng)的定義，這些定義很容易成為考查的內(nèi)容。
很多文章都涉及一些調(diào)查或?qū)嶒?，而這些調(diào)查、實驗的結(jié)果、結(jié)論又常常成為考點，
因此考生一定要注意find, show, reveal, conclude等動詞引出的賓語從句以及thus等表示結(jié)論的詞語。
例(四級真題）
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. The heaviest rain falls first. As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah.
Q: What is said about the rainfall in America’s West?
A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.
C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.
D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.
在太平洋上形成的風(fēng)暴給加利福尼亞州帶來的雨水要比帶給猶他州的更多。
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland （雨水由沿海進(jìn)入內(nèi)陸地區(qū)時會變?。?br>
加州屬沿海地區(qū)，猶他是內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，因此，該選項是對原文的概括，故為答案。
7. 列舉并列處
列舉并列處是指用
First(ly)… Second(ly)… Third(ly)… Finally…;
Not only…but also…; In addition; Furthermore; Moreover;
Above all; On the one hand…, on the other hand…等表示順承關(guān)系或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞語列舉出的事實。
列舉并列處是設(shè)置事實細(xì)節(jié)題的主要出處，
若為正面出題，則與原文內(nèi)容相同的選項為正確答案；
若題干為反面設(shè)題，則與原文意思相反的選項為此題的正確答案。
例(四級真題）
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (長壽) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鰥夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Q: William Farr’s study and other studies show that ______.
A) social life provides an effective cure for illness
B) marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
C) women benefit more than men from marriage
D) being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
本文論述社交生活對人壽命的影響，開頭列舉了可能導(dǎo)致長壽的因素：善于與他人交際以及與家人、朋友、鄰居甚至寵物保持良好關(guān)系。
但馬上轉(zhuǎn)折后提到能夠?qū)е麻L壽的最主要的因素似乎在于婚姻或者是類似的關(guān)系。
然后，提到這一結(jié)果最早由威廉?法爾于1858年記錄。
B） 中的contributes…to是對第二句中的boost的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故為答案。
8. 比較級/最高級處
在文章中經(jīng)常會對不同的對象進(jìn)行某方面的比較，而這些比較經(jīng)常成為考查的目標(biāo)，尤其是在文章中的最高級出現(xiàn)之處。
例(四級真題）
“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greet at the store entrance would help.”
Q: What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?
A) Manners of the salespeople.
B) Hiring of efficient employees.
C) Huge supply of goods for sale.
D) Design of the store layout.
對顧客態(tài)度友善、反應(yīng)迅速的商家更容易解決好問題，從這里可以看出態(tài)度友善和反應(yīng)迅速都屬于銷售人員的舉止問題。
A) “銷售人員的舉止”最符合題意，故為答案。
9. 指代處
寫作、講話時為了簡潔、明晰地表達(dá)事物及其邏輯關(guān)系，常用各種代詞通過指代進(jìn)行信息傳遞，當(dāng)同時出現(xiàn)好幾個事物時，這種指代關(guān)系往往不容易區(qū)分，故常成為命題點。
例(四級真題）
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.”
Q: What does Alec Webley consider to be the “definition of integration”?
A) Students of different races are required to share a room.
B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D) The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.?
原文倒數(shù)第四段最后一句提到，“This is the definition of integration.”
而This指代的具體內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在前一句中，
即with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly（除特殊情況外，宿舍的安排一般是隨機的）。
因此，所謂“融合的定義”實際上是指“隨機安排學(xué)生住宿”，故答案為D)。
10. 特殊標(biāo)點處
特殊標(biāo)點符號處，尤其是段首的特殊符號所引出的內(nèi)容往往表達(dá)了作者的觀點，
闡述了全文的主題，因此也成為主旨大意題的高發(fā)命題點。
此處所說的特殊標(biāo)點符號包括：
(1) 破折號(表解釋)；
(2) 括號 (表解釋)；
(3) 冒號 (表解釋)；
(4) 引號 (表引用或有其他特殊含義)；
(5) 分號 (表進(jìn)一步的解釋說明) 等。
在主題段落或主題句中，特殊標(biāo)點符號所引出的內(nèi)容往往是出題點，因此在解答這類題時，一定要特別注意對特殊標(biāo)點所引出內(nèi)容的把握。
例(四級真題）
Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.
Q: What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
第五段第二句使用了破折號，表達(dá)了美國黑人希望看到米歇爾可以向這個世界展示一個黑人婦女既可以支持她的丈夫，也可以支撐起一個強大的家庭的形象。
D) “作為妻子和母親，米歇爾在白宮應(yīng)該做什么”與原文意思相符，故D） 正確。
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持續(xù)更新，敬請期待~
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