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過去完成式
過去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
過去完成式是不能單獨用的。我們用的時候，必須有另一個事件。也就是說，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子：
（1） 他到臺灣以前，曾學過中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
（2） 他念大學以前，曾前工作過。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
（3） 我寫這篇有關愛爾蘭的小說以前，曾去過愛爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people.
（4） 我在上大學以前，已經(jīng)學過微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
（5） 周一以前，已經(jīng)下過雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過去完成進行式。占去完成進行式和現(xiàn)在進行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過去完成進行式的例子：
1. I had been watching TV before you called me.
2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
3. He had been studying before he went to class.
4. He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.

過去完成時

1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.