定義:過去完成時(shí)(past?perfect)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。它表示句子中描述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。 ?
基本結(jié)構(gòu)?
? 主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done) ? ?
①肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞. ? ?
②否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞. ? ?
③一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞? ? ?
? 肯定回答:Yes,主語+had. ?
? 否定回答:No,主語+had?not?. ?
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞)?
??
基本用法?
(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”??梢杂胋y,?before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。???例如:?By?nine?o’clock?last?night,?we?had?got?200?pictures?from?the?spaceship.?到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200?張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。 ?
(2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for,?since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。 ?
例如:?I?had?been?at?the?bus?stop?for?20?minutes?when?a?bus?finally?came.當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候,我在車站已等了20分鐘。 ?
He?said?he?had?worked?in?that?factory?since?1949.??他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。 ?
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過去完成時(shí)。 ?
例如:?Mr.?Smith?died?yesterday.?He?had?been?a?good?friend?of?mine.????史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 ?
I?didn’t?know?a?thing?about?the?verbs,?for?I?had?not?studied?my?lesson. ?
我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知,因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 ?
(4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 ?
例如:?I?returned?the?book?that?I?had?borrowed.????我已歸還了我借的書。 ?
She?found?the?key?that?she?had?lost.????她丟失的鑰匙找到了。 ?
(5)過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。 ? ?
例如:?He?said?that?he?had?known?her?well.????他說他很熟悉她。 ?
I?thought?I?had?sent?the?letter?a?week?before.????我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6)?狀語從句:在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在前,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。 ?
如when,before,after,as?soon?as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 ?
例如:?When?I?woke?up,?it?had?already?stopped?raining.????我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。 ?
She?didn’t?go?to?bed?until?she?had?finished?her?work. ?
她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。 ?
注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)?這?時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 ?
例如:?After?he?arrived?in?England,?Marx?worked?hard?to?improve?his?English.????馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平。 ?
(7)動(dòng)詞think,?want,?hope,?mean,?plan,?intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。 ?
例如:?They?had?wanted?to?help?but?could?not?get?there?in?time.?他們本來打算去幫忙,但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。 ?
We?had?hoped?to?be?able?to?come?and?see?you?.??我們本來希望能來看看你。 ?
(8)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…,?no?sooner…than…,?It?was?the?first?(second,?etc)?time?(that)…等固定句型中。 ?
例如:Hardly?had?he?begun?to?speak?when?the?audience?interrupted?him.????他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。 ?
No?sooner?had?he?arrived?than?he?went?away?again.?他剛到就又走了。 ?
It?was?the?third?time?that?he?had?been?out?of?work?that?year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。?

時(shí)間狀語 ?
before,when,after,by+,until,?once,had?no?sooner……than,yet,already等。 ??
過去完成時(shí)-語法判定???

1.?由時(shí)間狀語來判定 ?
一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有: ? ?
(?1?)?by?+?過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如: ?
I?had?finished?reading?the?novel?by?nine?o'clock?last?night. ? ?
(?2?)?by?the?end?of?+?過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如: ?
We?had?learned?over?two?thousand?English?words?by?the?end?of?last?term. ? ?
(?3?)?before?+?過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如: ?
They?had?planted?six?hundred?trees?before?last?Wednesday. ? ?

2.?由“過去的過去”來判定。 ?
? 過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在: ? ?
(?1?)賓語從句中 ?
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told,?said,?knew,?heard,?thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如: ?
She?said?that?she?had?seen?the?film?before. ? ?
(?2?)狀語從句中 ?
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如: ?
After?he?had?finished?his?homework,?he?went?to?bed. ?
注意:?before,?after?引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于?before?和?after?本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如: ?
After?he?closed?the?door,?he?left?the?classroom. ?
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope,?wish,?expect,?think,?intend,?mean,?suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…" ?
We?had?hoped?that?you?would?come,?but?you?didn't.????3.?根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 ?
I?met?Wang?Tao?in?the?street?yesterday.?We?hadn't?seen?each?other?since?he?went?to?Beijing.?

過去完成時(shí)-語法區(qū)別?
一、?過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞?have?(has)?+?過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。 ?
比較:I?have?learned?1000?English?words?so?far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了?1000?個(gè)英語單詞。 ?
I?had?learned?1000?English?words?till?then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了?1000?個(gè)英語單詞。????—?I'm?sorry?to?keep?you?waiting.?對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。 ?
—?Oh,?not?at?all.?I?have?been?here?only?a?few?minutes.沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)?

?二、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別?
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):?????1.?時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。 ?
比較:They?had?arrived?at?the?station?by?ten?yesterday. ?
They?arrived?at?the?station?at?ten?yesterday. ?
2.?在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。 ?
She?was?very?happy.?Her?whole?family?were?pleased?with?her,?too.?She?had?just?won?the?first?in?the?composition?competition.?

3.?當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用?and?或?but?連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在?before?,?after?,?as?soon?as?引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。 ?
He?entered?the?room,?turned?on?the?light?and?read?an?evening?paper.?
??
過去完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)?
一.用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空?
1.?We?_____________?(paint)?the?house?before?we?______________?(move)?in.?2.?That?rich?old?man?_____________?(make)?a?will?before?he?_____________?(die).?3.?They?_____________?(study)?the?map?of?the?country?before?they?________?(leave).?4.?The?robbers?_____________?(run?away?)?before?the?policemen_______??(arrive).?5.?I?__________?(turn?off)?all?the?lights?before?I?____________?(go)?to?bed.?
6.?Paul?__________?(go)?out?with?Jane?after?he?__________?(make)??a?phone?call.?7.?Tom?__________?(say)?he?___________?(read)?the?book?twice.?
8.?Our?plan?____________?(fail?)?because?we?_____________?(make)?a?bad?mistake.?
9.?When?the?chairman?______________?(finish)?speaking,?he?_____________?(leave)the?hall.?

10.The?Reads?__????______??(have)?lunch?when?I?________________(get)?to?their?house.?11.When?I?______________(arrive)?at?the?station,?he?____________________(leave).?12.We?_______________(learn)?about?4000?English?words?by?the?end?of?last?term.?13.?I?waited?until?he?_______________(finish)?his?homework.?14.?We?were?surprised?at?what?she?________already?______(do)?
15.She?____________(not?go)?to?Qingdao?because?she?________________?(be)?there?before.

16.?He?______________(not?tell)?you?the?news?yet. ?
17.?He?said?he?_____________already_________(give)?the?book?to?the?teacher.?

18.?I?______________(be)?to?Shanghai?before. ?
19.?She?told?me?she?_________________(be)?to?Sanya?three?times.?
20.She?_____________(play)?the?guitar?while?her?sister_______________(sing).?

二.句型轉(zhuǎn)換?
1.I?had?sold?the?ticket?when?she?came.(改否定句) ?
2.She?had?sung?a?song?to?us?before?she?danced.(改否定句) ?
3.They?began?to?climb?the?mountain?after?they?had?bought?all?the?food?and?drinks.(否定) ?
4.By?10:00?a.m,?I?had?been?very?hungry.?(改一般疑問) ?
5.Lucy?had?already?completed?the?project?when?I?arrived.(改一般疑問) ?
6.By?the?time?he?got?to?the?airport,?the?plane?had?taken?off.?(改一般疑問) ?
7..He?had?broken?his?arm?when?I?saw?him.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) ?
8.When?he?had?read?the?note,?he?ate?it.?(對(duì)劃線部分提問) ?
9..Jack?didn’t?go?to?the?cinema?because?he?had?seen?the?film.?(對(duì)劃線部分提問)?
10.We?had?had?the?toys?for?ten?years?before?we?gave?them?to?the?child.?(對(duì)劃線部分提問) ?
11.She?had?written?the?book?by?the?end?of?1960.?(對(duì)劃線部分提問) ?
12.We?cooked?the?dumplings.?We?ate?them?up.?(用過去完成時(shí)連接兩句) ?
13.Jim’s?father?mended?the?car.?It?was?broken.?(用過去完成時(shí)連接兩句) ?
14.We?had?our?tests.?Then?we?had?a?long?holiday.(?用過去完成時(shí)連接兩句)?After?we?________________________,?we?_____________________________ ??
15.He?showed?us?the?picture.?Then?he?showed?us?around?the?house.?用過去完成時(shí)連接兩句)?
Before?he?_______________________,?he______________________________.?