過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。它表示句子中描述的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

過去完成時的基本結構：由 had 加動詞的過去分詞構成。

過去完成時的基本用法，有以下幾種：
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y,
before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構成的時間狀語連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my
lesson.我對動詞一無所知，因為我沒有好好學習功課。
(4)在含有定語從句的主從復合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
(5)過去完成時常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when,until等連詞的復合句中，如果主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞所表示的過去動作不是同時發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動作通常用過去完成時表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來時雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復合句中，因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到達英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
(7)動詞think, want, hope, mean,plan,intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。
(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了

例句：
1. All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.
他們到達時,所有的票已經(jīng)售完.(過去完成時)
2. They said that they had sketched out their work plan.
(過去完成時主動態(tài))他們說,他們已經(jīng)擬定了工作計劃.
3. The present and past perfect tenses both belong to the perfect tense.
現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時都屬于完成時態(tài).
4. They said that production costs had been reduced.
(過去完成時)他們說生產(chǎn)成本已經(jīng)下降了.
5. She said she would come as soon as she had done her work.
要用過去完成時來表示過去將來完成時.
6. Eric died a few days ago and these years, he had lived as a recluse.
埃里克幾天前死了,這些年來, 埃里克都是過著隱士生活. (過去完成時)
7. When I arrived, they already put the fire out.
我到達時, 他們已經(jīng)把火撲滅了. (不可用過去完成進行時)
8. Past simple or present perfect?
一般過去時還是現(xiàn)在完成時?
9. Several outcome measures were applied, and the results were compared with findings in previously described cohorts.
多用現(xiàn)在時和過去時態(tài),偶爾也會用到完成時和將來時.一般用過去時敘述研究的實驗設計、作過程和方法 、 到的結果等等.
10. The teacher said the assignment would have been handed in before next week.
(過去將來完成時)老師說作業(yè)在下周前交.