（九）空間碎片

Space debris

空間碎片監(jiān)測(cè)、預(yù)警、減緩及防護(hù)技術(shù)體系逐步完善，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系不斷健全?？臻g碎片監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警實(shí)現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)化運(yùn)行，為在軌航天器安全運(yùn)行提供有力保障；防護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)取得突破，開(kāi)展航天器空間碎片防護(hù)工程應(yīng)用；全面實(shí)施“長(zhǎng)征”系列運(yùn)載火箭末級(jí)鈍化，對(duì)廢棄航天器采取有效離軌處置措施，切實(shí)保護(hù)空間環(huán)境。

China has improved the monitoring and mitigation of and early warning and protection against space debris. It has also enhanced standards and regulations in this regard. The monitoring of and early warning against space debris have been put into regular operation, ensuring the safe operation of spacecraft in orbit. China has also made breakthroughs in protection design technologies, applying them to the protection projects of spacecraft against space debris. In addition, all Long March carrier rockets have upper stage passivation, and discarded spacecraft are moved out of orbit to protect the space environment.

三、未來(lái)五年的主要任務(wù)

III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years

未來(lái)五年，中國(guó)將加快航天強(qiáng)國(guó)建設(shè)步伐，持續(xù)提升航天工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)能力，加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和前沿技術(shù)研究，繼續(xù)實(shí)施載人航天、月球探測(cè)、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、高分辨率對(duì)地觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)、新一代運(yùn)載火箭等重大工程，啟動(dòng)實(shí)施一批新的重大科技項(xiàng)目和重大工程，基本建成空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系，拓展空間應(yīng)用深度和廣度，深入開(kāi)展空間科學(xué)研究，推動(dòng)空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用全面發(fā)展。

In the next five years, China plans to expedite the development of its space endeavors by continuing to enhance the basic capacities of its space industry, strengthen research into key and cutting-edge technologies, and implement manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, high-resolution earth observation system, new-generation launch vehicles and other important projects. Furthermore, the country is to launch new key scientific and technological programs and major projects, complete, by and large, its space infrastructure system, expand its space applications in breadth and depth, and further conduct research into space science, promoting the integrated development of space science, technology and applications.

（一）航天運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)

Space transport system

研制發(fā)射無(wú)毒無(wú)污染中型運(yùn)載火箭，完善新一代運(yùn)載火箭型譜，進(jìn)一步提升可靠性。

We will develop and launch medium-lift launch vehicles which are non-toxic and pollution-free, improve the new-generation launch vehicle family, and enhance their reliability.

開(kāi)展重型運(yùn)載火箭關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和方案深化論證，突破重型運(yùn)載火箭總體、大推力液氧煤油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、氫氧發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，啟動(dòng)重型運(yùn)載火箭工程實(shí)施。

Endeavors will be made to research key technologies and further study the plans for developing heavy-lift launch vehicles. Breakthroughs are expected in key technologies for the overall system, high-thrust liquid oxygen and kerosene engines, and oxygen and hydrogen engines of such launch vehicles. Thereafter the heavy-lift launch vehicle project will be activated.

開(kāi)展低成本運(yùn)載火箭、新型上面級(jí)、天地往返可重復(fù)使用運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)等技術(shù)研究。

China will conduct research into the technologies for low-cost launch vehicles, new upper stage and the reusable space transportation system between the earth and low-earth orbit.

（二）空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

Space infrastructure

提升衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)水平和基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品能力，構(gòu)建形成衛(wèi)星遙感、衛(wèi)星通信廣播、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位三大系統(tǒng)，建設(shè)天地一體化信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，基本建成空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系，形成連續(xù)穩(wěn)定的業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)能力，促進(jìn)衛(wèi)星及應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。

China is to improve its satellite systems and their basic related items, develop the three major satellite systems of remote-sensing, communications and broadcasting, and navigation and positioning, and build a space-ground integrated information network. In this way, a space infrastructure system capable of providing steady and sustained services will take shape, boosting the satellite and related applications industrial sector.

1、衛(wèi)星遙感系統(tǒng)。按照一星多用、多星組網(wǎng)、多網(wǎng)協(xié)同的發(fā)展思路，發(fā)展陸地觀測(cè)、海洋觀測(cè)、大氣觀測(cè)3個(gè)系列，研制發(fā)射高分辨率多模式光學(xué)觀測(cè)、L波段差分干涉合成孔徑雷達(dá)、陸地生態(tài)碳監(jiān)測(cè)、大氣環(huán)境激光探測(cè)、海洋鹽度探測(cè)、新一代海洋水色觀測(cè)等衛(wèi)星，逐步形成高、中、低空間分辨率合理配置、多種觀測(cè)手段優(yōu)化組合的綜合高效全球觀測(cè)和數(shù)據(jù)獲取能力。統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)和完善遙感衛(wèi)星接收站網(wǎng)、定標(biāo)與真實(shí)性檢驗(yàn)場(chǎng)、數(shù)據(jù)中心、共享網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)和共性應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)，形成衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)全球接收服務(wù)能力。

(1) Satellite remote-sensing system. In accordance with the policy guideline for developing multi-functional satellites, and creating networks of satellites and integrating them, we will focus on three series of satellites for observing the land, ocean and atmosphere, respectively. China is to develop and launch satellites capable of high-resolution multi-mode optical observation, L-band differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging, carbon monitoring of the territorial ecosystem, atmospheric Lidar detection, ocean salinity detection and new-type ocean color observation. We will take steps to build our capabilities of highly efficient, comprehensive global observation and data acquisition with a rational allocation of low-, medium- and high-spatial resolution technologies, and an optimized combination of multiple observation methods. China will make overall construction and improvement on remote-sensing satellite receiving station networks, calibration and validation fields, data centers, data-sharing platforms and common application supporting platforms to provide remote-sensing satellite data receiving services across the world.

2、衛(wèi)星通信廣播系統(tǒng)。面向行業(yè)及市場(chǎng)應(yīng)用，以商業(yè)模式為主，保障公益需求，發(fā)展固定通信廣播、移動(dòng)通信廣播、數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星，建設(shè)由高軌寬帶、低軌移動(dòng)衛(wèi)星等天基系統(tǒng)和關(guān)口站等地基系統(tǒng)組成的天地一體化信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，同步建設(shè)測(cè)控站、信關(guān)站、上行站、標(biāo)校場(chǎng)等地面設(shè)施，形成寬帶通信、固定通信、電視直播、移動(dòng)通信、移動(dòng)多媒體廣播業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)能力，逐步建成覆蓋全球、與地面通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)融合的衛(wèi)星通信廣播系統(tǒng)。

(2) Satellite communications and broadcasting system. This system is oriented toward industrial and market applications, and mainly operates through business models while meeting public welfare needs. China will develop both fixed and mobile communications and broadcasting as well as data relay satellites, build a space-ground integrated information network consisting of space-based systems such as high-earth-orbit broadband satellite systems and low-earth-orbit mobile satellite systems, and ground-based systems such as satellite-access stations. TT&C stations, gateway stations, uplink stations, calibration fields and other satellite ground facilities are to be built synchronously. These efforts are expected to bring about a comprehensive system capable of providing broadband communications, fixed communications, direct-broadcast television, mobile communications and mobile multimedia broadcast services. A global satellite communications and broadcasting system integrated with the ground communications network will be established step by step.

3、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。持續(xù)提升北斗二號(hào)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)性能。繼續(xù)開(kāi)展北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，計(jì)劃于2018年面向“一帶一路”沿線及周邊國(guó)家提供基本服務(wù)；2020年前后，完成35顆衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，為全球用戶提供服務(wù)；持續(xù)統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)北斗地基、星基增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，為各類(lèi)用戶提供更高精度、更為可靠的服務(wù)。

(3) Satellite navigation system. China is to continuously enhance the service capacities of the Beidou-2. With sustained efforts in building the Beidou global system, we plan to start providing basic services to countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-century Maritime Silk Road in 2018, form a network consisting of 35 satellites for global services by 2020, and provide all clients with more accurate and more reliable services through advancing the ground-based and satellite-based augmentation systems in an integrated way.