聽(tīng)到“壞習(xí)慣”這個(gè)短語(yǔ)，大多數(shù)人都會(huì)想象出這樣一幅畫(huà)面：嘴里叼著煙、釘?shù)揭Φ尼斪?、飯桌上彎著手肘、騎摩托不戴頭盔等等。大多數(shù)人被問(wèn)起時(shí)，都不會(huì)將學(xué)習(xí)與任何壞事聯(lián)系起來(lái)，但是很多人會(huì)因?yàn)閴牡膶W(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣而影響自己的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷。它們不僅可以使你與高分擦肩而過(guò)，而且還會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)影響一個(gè)人對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的看法，從而使得考試將你帶入窘境。今天我們就一起來(lái)改掉這四個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的壞習(xí)慣，使你學(xué)到更多，從而在考試中取得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。

1.? Studying the Same Way for Each Type of Test
用同一種方法應(yīng)對(duì)所有類(lèi)型的考試

Why It's an Issue: Your 9th grade Social Studies final exam is very different from the SAT. A vocabulary quiz is a world away from a midterm. When you choose to study the same way for every type of assessment, you're failing to tune in to some of your test's fine details which can cost you points. For instance, there are strategies you can master to score high on the ACT. If you just give yourself a few nights before this big test to prepare just like you'd study for a chapter test, let's say, then you'll lose out on test points.
病因：你的九年級(jí)社會(huì)學(xué)科期末考試可不同于學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測(cè)驗(yàn)。詞匯測(cè)驗(yàn)跟期中考試也不是一回事。當(dāng)你選擇用一成不變的方法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)所有類(lèi)型的考試，你就會(huì)忽略掉一些使你丟分的細(xì)節(jié)。例如，要想在學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測(cè)驗(yàn)中取得高分，你就得掌握一些策略。如果你只是在考試前幾晚才做準(zhǔn)備，就像應(yīng)付單元測(cè)試一樣，那么你肯定不會(huì)成功。

Fix It: Before any assessment you take, find out how you'll be assessed. Is it an essay exam? Multiple-choice? Matching? If you're taking a major standardized test like the Redesigned PSAT or SAT, get a prep book and determine what you'll see on it. Make smart decisions so you can study smart.
補(bǔ)救措施：在任何考試開(kāi)始之前，先弄清楚考試的方式。它是作文考試、多項(xiàng)選擇還是配對(duì)題測(cè)驗(yàn)？如果你參加的是類(lèi)似于PSAT（學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向初步測(cè)驗(yàn)）或者SAT（學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測(cè)驗(yàn)）這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試，就要準(zhǔn)備好課本，掌握它的內(nèi)容。有明智的選擇，就能巧妙地學(xué)習(xí)。

2.?Saying Negative Things To Yourself
對(duì)自己灌輸消極思想

Why It's an Issue: Did you know that you believe a lot of what you tell yourself? Just ask someone with anorexia. You will believe something that you repeat to yourself often; if you say things like, "I hate studying," or "I'm never going to learn this," or "This is too difficult," then eventually, you will believe it and your negativity will impact your test score.
病因：你知道嗎，你會(huì)非常相信自己給自己灌輸?shù)南敕āＨ绻銌?wèn)問(wèn)一些厭食癥患者，你就會(huì)相信的。你如果你說(shuō)一些類(lèi)似于“我討厭學(xué)習(xí)”“我絕對(duì)不學(xué)這個(gè)”或“這真是太難了”的話(huà)，到了最后，你就會(huì)相信了，而且你的消極也會(huì)影響你的考試成績(jī)。

Fix It: Be your own study champion. Replace anything negative in your internal dialogue with positive thoughts. "I hate studying," becomes "Studying will get me the grade I want." "I'm never going to learn this," becomes "I'm going to put in as much time as it takes to learn this." Eventually, believe it or not, you will start to trust these positive messages just like you've believed the negative ones for years.
補(bǔ)救措施：做你自己的學(xué)習(xí)擁護(hù)者。將你腦中所有的消極思想換成積極的思想。將“我討厭學(xué)習(xí)”變成“學(xué)習(xí)能讓我變成理想的自己”。將“我絕對(duì)不學(xué)這個(gè)”變成“我要花上足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)”。最后，信不信由你，你就會(huì)開(kāi)始相信這些積極的訊息，就如同你曾一直以來(lái)相信那些消極思想一樣。

3.? Studying with Distractions
在干擾物的影響下學(xué)習(xí)

Why It's an Issue: If you're constantly on Instagram or Facebook when you're supposed to be studying, then chances are good you're not going to get the score you want on your test. Your primary goal during study time is to quickly and efficiently learn the material. That's it. External distractions like your phone and the TV can ruin your study sessions just as internal distractions like worry and anger can do the same thing.
病因：如果你總是在學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間刷Instagram或Facebook，那么你就有可能達(dá)不到理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。你在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)的主要目標(biāo)就是迅速并有效地學(xué)習(xí)材料，就是這個(gè)。一些外來(lái)的干擾物，例如你的手機(jī)、電視都會(huì)影響你的學(xué)習(xí)，就像一些內(nèi)在的干擾物，例如憂(yōu)慮或憤怒也會(huì)達(dá)到一樣的效果。

Fix It: Figure out how you study best and do not waiver from that routine. If you nailed your last test because you found a great study spot and listened to the best music for studying instead of hearing your roommates chattering in the other room, then repeat that every time you dive in.?
補(bǔ)救措施：找到你的最佳學(xué)習(xí)方式，不要偏離計(jì)劃。如果你因?yàn)檎业揭粋€(gè)好的學(xué)習(xí)場(chǎng)地，聽(tīng)了最適合學(xué)習(xí)的歌而將注意力集中在考試上，而不是聽(tīng)你的室友在隔壁聊天，那么你只需堅(jiān)持下去就好了。

4.? Waiting Until the Last Minute
最后一刻才行動(dòng)

Why It's an Issue: You simply cannot learn everything you need to for a final exam the night before your test. Cramming does not work for long-term memory. Prepping for a standardized test can take weeks or even months to do it well.
病因：你肯定不可能在期末考試前夜就把所有的內(nèi)容都學(xué)完。填鴨式學(xué)習(xí)法對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期記憶是沒(méi)有效的。要想準(zhǔn)備好一場(chǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)試，需要幾周甚至幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間。

Fix It: Take a long look at your schedule a few weeks before your exam. Schedule in study sessions with a homework app or even a regular pencil and paper calendar. Regardless, if you plan ahead, you'll find the time to put in 15-20 minute study sessions a day so you're actually ready on exam day.
補(bǔ)救措施：在考試前幾周就好好看看時(shí)間表。用家庭作業(yè)應(yīng)用或日歷來(lái)安排學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。如果你提前計(jì)劃好，你每天就可以在15-20分鐘的單元上花上時(shí)間，那么你就真的為考試做好了準(zhǔn)備。

聲明：本雙語(yǔ)文章的中文翻譯系滬江英語(yǔ)原創(chuàng)內(nèi)容，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。中文翻譯僅代表譯者個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，僅供參考。如有不妥之處，歡迎指正。