Section B

Passage One

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

本次四級(jí)聽(tīng)力篇章從內(nèi)容難度上來(lái)講，比2009年6月的更難。此篇文章屬于天文類(lèi)，講的是除地球以外的星球上形成生命的可能性。曾經(jīng)科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為其他星球上存在生命的可能性不大，但是現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家在漸漸地定位那些有可能會(huì)形成生命的地方。文章對(duì)此舉了一個(gè)例子，就是木星的一個(gè)衛(wèi)星，叫木衛(wèi)二。

詞匯點(diǎn)撥

fascinated a. 著迷的；surface n. 表面；bacteria n 細(xì)菌；automatically ad. 自動(dòng)地；probe n.探頭，探針；evolution n. 進(jìn)化

話題詞匯

beneath prep. 在......之下

Jupiter n. 木星

moon n. 衛(wèi)星，月球

nitrogen n. 氮

planet n. 行星，星球

volcanic activity 火山活動(dòng)

難句解析

1. Since early times, people have been fascinated with the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth.

【解析】since early times作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，主句主語(yǔ)為people，謂語(yǔ)為be fascinated with，即"對(duì)......著迷"，著迷的對(duì)象是idea of life，existing somewhere else besides earth為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞life。

2. The probes have also made scientists think that under its surface Europa has a rocky core giving off volcanic heat.

【解析】本句主句部分謂語(yǔ)成分為make sb. do sth.，讓某人做某事，that引出think的從句。從句的主語(yǔ)為Europa，giving off volcanic heat作定語(yǔ)修飾has的賓語(yǔ)a rocky core。

試題詳解

26. A) There were no planets without moons.	A) 除了衛(wèi)星外沒(méi)有行星。
B) There was no air or water on Jupiter.	B) 在木星上沒(méi)有空氣或水。
C) Life was not possible in outer space.	C) 在外空是沒(méi)有生命的。
D)The mystery of life could not be resolved	D) 生命的奧秘是不能解決的。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】預(yù)覽選項(xiàng)，可知本題考查細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。鑒于此題位于本短文的第一題，答案應(yīng)在最初幾句中找到，具體的說(shuō)，是在開(kāi)頭30秒。選項(xiàng)D與其他三項(xiàng)明顯不同，可初步排除。聽(tīng)音時(shí)關(guān)注no planets，no air or water還是no life。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】第一題問(wèn)的是科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)（once）相信什么事實(shí)？那么根據(jù)我們的理解，應(yīng)該是他們認(rèn)為外太空不可能存在生命。這個(gè)答案出現(xiàn)在原文的第二句，原文是Until recently, scientists believed that life on other planets was just a hopeful dream，意為科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為在其他星球上存在生命只不過(guò)是個(gè)充滿希望的夢(mèng)。故選擇C項(xiàng)。

27. A) It has a number of active volcanoes.	A) 有很多活火山。
B) It has an atmosphere like the earth's.	B) 有像地球上的大氣層。
C) It has a large ocean under its surface.	C) 在它的表面有一個(gè)大海洋。
D) It has deep caves several miles long.	D) 有幾英里長(zhǎng)的深洞穴。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】通過(guò)選項(xiàng)即可確定本題為對(duì)于某一事物的細(xì)節(jié)描述題，所以首先要解決各選項(xiàng)中it所指的內(nèi)容。由第一題選項(xiàng)可初步推測(cè)，本題很可能考查的是對(duì)一個(gè)星球的描述。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】問(wèn)題為科學(xué)家在木衛(wèi)二星球上找到什么，那么應(yīng)該是Space probes have provided evidence that Europa has a large ocean under its surface，意為航空觀測(cè)鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)了星球表面下有個(gè)大的海洋。C選項(xiàng)與原文一模一樣。

28. A) Light is not an essential element to it.	A) 光不是必備因素。
B) Life can form in very hot temperatures.	B) 生命在很熱的溫度下能夠形成。
C) Every form of life undergoes evolution.	C) 每種生命的形成都需要進(jìn)化。
D) Oxygen is not needed for some life forms.	D) 氧在生命形成過(guò)程中沒(méi)有必要。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】根據(jù)慣例，最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題答案出現(xiàn)在篇章結(jié)束前三十秒左右，選項(xiàng)均涉及生命形成因素，分別為light，hot temperatures，evolution和oxygen，根據(jù)這些信息，可輕易在短文結(jié)束前找到答案。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】注意轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but前后，原文為Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now, places have been found on earth that are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the ocean. And bacteria, primitive forms of life, have been seen there。意為科學(xué)家一直以為光是很重要的，但是現(xiàn)在他們發(fā)現(xiàn)完全黑暗的地方-比如幾英里深的洞里，也有生命，即細(xì)菌?？梢?jiàn)，光不是必備因素，選項(xiàng)A正確。

原文及譯文

Since early times, people have been fascinated with the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth. Until recently, scientists believed that life on other planets was just a hopeful dream. But now they are beginning to locate places where life could form. In 1997, they saw evidence of planets near other stars like the sun. But scientists now think that life could be even nearer in our own solar system. One planet scientists are studying very closely is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Space probes have provided evidence that Europa has a large ocean under its surface. The probes have also made the scientists think that under its surface Europa has a rocky core giving off volcanic heat. Water and heat from volcanic activity are two basic conditions needed for life to form. A third is certain basic chemicals such as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Scientists believe there might be such chemicals lying at the bottom of Europa's ocean. They may have already created life or may be about to. You may wonder if light is also needed for life to form. Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now, places have been found on earth that are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the ocean. And bacteria, primitive forms of life have been seen there. So the lack of light in Europa's sub-surface ocean doesn't automatically rule out life forming.

26. What did scientists once believe according to the passage?

27. What have scientists found about Europa, a moon of Jupiter?

28. What have scientists come to know recently about the formation of life?

從很早以前，人們一直迷戀著地球以外的地方也存在生命的想法。直到近來(lái)，科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為在其他星球上存在生命只不過(guò)是個(gè)充滿希望的夢(mèng)。但是，現(xiàn)在他們開(kāi)始查找可能有生命的地方。1997年，科學(xué)家們?cè)诤阈歉浇?，例如太?yáng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了行星的蹤跡?？茖W(xué)家們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為生命可能我們更近，就在太陽(yáng)系內(nèi)?？茖W(xué)家們正密切關(guān)注的地方是木衛(wèi)二，木星的一個(gè)衛(wèi)星。太空探測(cè)器提供了證據(jù)表明木衛(wèi)二表層之下有一個(gè)海洋。探測(cè)器也讓科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為木衛(wèi)二表層有散發(fā)出火山熱的巖石核心?；鹕交顒?dòng)的水和熱量是生命形成的兩個(gè)基本條件。第三個(gè)是一些基本的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，如碳、氧和氮?？茖W(xué)家們認(rèn)為在木衛(wèi)二海洋底部可能存在這樣的化學(xué)成分。他們可能已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了生命或即將產(chǎn)生生命。你可能在想光也是生命形成的必要條件。直到最近，科學(xué)家們?nèi)哉J(rèn)為光是不可或缺的。但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)，海洋幾英里之下的黑暗的洞穴內(nèi)有細(xì)菌，即原始生命形式的存在。所以不能排除缺乏光的木衛(wèi)二地下海洋有生命形成的可能性。

26. 根據(jù)短文，科學(xué)家曾相信什么？

27. 科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)于木衛(wèi)二的什么信息？

28. 最近，科學(xué)家就生命的形成了解到什么？

Passage Two

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

本篇講述醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)用紙記錄下的東西比口語(yǔ)交流的信息更加準(zhǔn)確和穩(wěn)定。問(wèn)題源自一位醫(yī)生在對(duì)一個(gè)孩子的家庭口述交待了出院后的注意事項(xiàng)之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)這些親屬們竟然記不清到底醫(yī)生講了些什么，于是醫(yī)生決定在以后交待注意事項(xiàng)的時(shí)候要把這些內(nèi)容全印成紙質(zhì)的東西，因?yàn)榧堎|(zhì)的東西比口語(yǔ)更可靠。

詞匯點(diǎn)撥

suffer v. 遭受；confusing a. 令人迷惑的；episode n. 插曲；version n. 版本；challenge v. 挑戰(zhàn)

話題詞匯

context n. 上下文

physician n. 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生

recover v. 恢復(fù)

stability n. 穩(wěn)定性

act out 表演出來(lái)

emergency room 急診室

oral communication 口頭交際

tailored to 定制的

難句解析

1. Also listening to her were a half a dozen other family members.

【解析】此句為倒裝句，強(qiáng)調(diào)listening to her，主語(yǔ)為a half a dozen other family members。正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篈 half a dozen other family members were also listening to her.

2. All of them had heard the simple instructions I have given just a few hours before, but they have three or four different versions.

【解析】本句兩分句由連詞but連接，had heard為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示在家人問(wèn)瑪雅醫(yī)生之前就發(fā)生了此動(dòng)作。I have given just a few hours before做定語(yǔ)修飾the simple instructions，省略連接詞that。

試題詳解

29. A) Whether they should take the child home.	A) 他們是否應(yīng)該將孩子帶回家。
Ｂ) What Dr. Mayer's instructions exactly were.	B) 瑪雅醫(yī)生的醫(yī)囑到底是什么。
C) Who should take care of the child at home.	C) 誰(shuí)在家照顧孩子。
D) When the child would completely recover.	D) 什么時(shí)候這個(gè)孩子能完全恢復(fù)。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】瀏覽四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，應(yīng)注意到都為wh-開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)詞，且提到了醫(yī)生和孩子，take care of 以及recover，可初步推測(cè)此題涉及的場(chǎng)景為醫(yī)院，病人為孩子。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】問(wèn)題為孩子的家人因?yàn)槭裁炊鵂?zhēng)論，原文為the family asked her to settle an argument they'd been having over exactly what advice she had given，意為親屬們就醫(yī)生到底講過(guò)什么建議爭(zhēng)論不休，問(wèn)醫(yī)生如何解決。選項(xiàng)B中的instructions與原文的advice同義，選項(xiàng)B正確。

30. A) She encourages them to ask questions when in doubt.	A) 她鼓勵(lì)他們拿不準(zhǔn)時(shí)就提問(wèn)題。
B) She makes them write down all her instructions.	B) 她讓他們記下她的醫(yī)囑。
C) She has them act out what they are to do at home.	C) 她讓他們把將在家里做的事情表演出來(lái)。
D) She asks them to repeat what are supposed to do.	D) 她讓他們復(fù)述要做的事。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】由第一題的選項(xiàng)可很有把握地推測(cè)she指代的是Doctor Myer，而與醫(yī)生相對(duì)的多半為病人。注意關(guān)鍵詞ask question，write down，act out和repeat。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】瑪雅醫(yī)生如何確定病人完全明白了自己的建議呢？原文為She asks them to tell her what they think they are supposed to do，原文的 tell her與選項(xiàng)D中的關(guān)鍵詞repeat一致，選項(xiàng)D為正確答案，

31. A) It lacks the stability of the printed word.	A) 它缺乏印刷體的穩(wěn)定性。
B) It contains many grammatical errors.	B) 它包含許多語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。
C) It is heavily dependent on the context.	C) 它十分依賴上下文語(yǔ)境。
D) It facilitates interpersonal communication.	D) 它有助于人際交往。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】本題為短文最后一題，應(yīng)在文章最后出現(xiàn)。需要注意關(guān)鍵字stability，errors，context和communication。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】此題是典型的篇章問(wèn)題考法。答案出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾處，問(wèn)題是作者對(duì)于人類(lèi)口語(yǔ)交流 (human speech) 總結(jié)了什么。原文為human speech lacks the stability and permanence of the printed word，與選項(xiàng)A一致。

原文及譯文

In her early days as an emergency room physician, Doctor Joanna Mayer treated a child who had suffered a second degree burn. After the child had been treated and was being prepared for discharge, Doctor Mayer talked to the parents about how they should care for the child at home. Also listening to her were a half a dozen other family members. A few hours later, when she came to say goodbye, the family asked her to settle an argument they'd been having over exactly what advice she had given. "As I talked to them, I was amazed." she said, "All of them had heard the simple instructions I have given just a few hours before, but they have three or four different versions. The most basic details were unclear and confusing. I was surprised, because these were intelligent people." This episode gave Doctor Mayer her first clue to something every doctor learns sooner or later---- most people just don't listen very well.

Nowadays, she says she repeats her instructions, and even conducts a reality check with some patients. She asks them to tell her what they think they are supposed to do. She also provides take-home sheets which are computer printouts tailored to the patients' situation. Doc. Mayer's listeners are not unusual. When new or difficult material is presented, almost all listeners are faced with a challenge because human speech lacks the stability and permanence of the printed word. Oral communication is fast-moving and impermanent.

29. What did the child's family members argue about in the hospital?

30. What does Doc. Mayer do to insure her patients understand her instructions?

31. What does the speaker say about human speech?

喬安娜·瑪雅是一名急診室醫(yī)生。早年，她曾醫(yī)治了一名二度燒傷的孩子。這個(gè)孩子接受完治療準(zhǔn)備出院時(shí)，瑪雅醫(yī)生告訴孩子父母在家如何照顧孩子，在場(chǎng)的還有六位家庭其他成員。幾小時(shí)后，當(dāng)她來(lái)與孩子再見(jiàn)的時(shí)候，孩子一家請(qǐng)她解決爭(zhēng)論，他們一直爭(zhēng)論她的醫(yī)囑到底是什么。"因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)告訴過(guò)他們，所以我很驚訝。"她說(shuō)，"他們所有的人都在短短幾小時(shí)前聽(tīng)到了我給出的簡(jiǎn)單的醫(yī)囑，但是他們有三、四個(gè)不同的版本。最基本的細(xì)節(jié)都不清楚且很困惑。我很吃驚，因?yàn)檫@些是聰明人。"這一段插曲給了瑪雅醫(yī)生第一個(gè)線索，而這遲早每個(gè)醫(yī)生都會(huì)懂得，即大多數(shù)人聽(tīng)的不準(zhǔn)確。

如今，瑪雅說(shuō)她反復(fù)重復(fù)醫(yī)囑，甚至對(duì)一些病人進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)核查。她要他們告訴她他們應(yīng)該做的事。她還根據(jù)病人的情況提供可帶回家的打印文本?，斞裴t(yī)生的聽(tīng)眾都是正常人。當(dāng)面對(duì)新資料或難度較大的資料時(shí)，幾乎所有的聽(tīng)眾都會(huì)面臨挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)口語(yǔ)缺乏書(shū)面文字的穩(wěn)定性和永久性?？陬^交流速度快但持續(xù)時(shí)間短。

29. 孩子的家庭成員在醫(yī)院里爭(zhēng)論的是什么？

30. 為確保病人明白她的醫(yī)囑，瑪雅醫(yī)生做了什么？

31. 說(shuō)話者如何評(píng)述人類(lèi)口語(yǔ)？

Passage Three

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

此篇講的是商務(wù)工作中對(duì)員工的激勵(lì)機(jī)制。主要內(nèi)容為公司對(duì)員工的激勵(lì)機(jī)制并非是人們通常以為的工資或者工作環(huán)境，而是工作中的挑戰(zhàn)。

詞匯點(diǎn)撥

challenging a. 挑戰(zhàn)性的；logical a. 合理的；manually ad. 手動(dòng)地；identify v. 認(rèn)同；tedious a. 單調(diào)的，沉悶的

話題詞匯

arbitrarily ad. 專(zhuān)橫地

mechanical a. 機(jī)械的

robotics n. 機(jī)器人學(xué)

by definition 當(dāng)然

job security 職業(yè)安全感

labor relations 勞資關(guān)系

難句解析

1. It's logical to suppose that things like good labor relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits and job security motivate workers, but one expert, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers.

【解析】此句結(jié)構(gòu)是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)分句。前面一個(gè)分句中，it做形式主語(yǔ)，后面的不定式to suppose是真正主語(yǔ)。That引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，介詞like以及其引導(dǎo)內(nèi)容做things的后置定語(yǔ)。后面一個(gè)分句中，one expert 與Frederick Herzberg為同位語(yǔ)，that后引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。

2. However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there're always plenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled people who have to do them.

【解析】本句主句為there be 句型，常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)with the development of作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，意為"隨著......的發(fā)展"。jobs和people為表語(yǔ)，三個(gè)并列形容詞boring， repetitive 和 mechanical一起修飾jobs，who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞unskilled people.

試題詳解

32. A) Job security.	A) 職業(yè)安全感。
B) Good labor relations.	B) 愉快的勞資關(guān)系。
C) Challenging work.	C) 挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。
D) Attractive wages and benefits.	D) 有吸引力的工資和利益。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】預(yù)覽選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞job security，labor relation，work，和wages and benefits可知，此篇短文主旨與工作有關(guān)，可初步推測(cè)與人們對(duì)工作的滿足感有關(guān)。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】此題問(wèn)的是主題，到底什么可以真正激勵(lì)員工好好工作呢。原文Motivators, in contrast, include things such as having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility，連接詞in contrast附近出現(xiàn)了答案，意為起到激勵(lì)作用的東西包括工作的挑戰(zhàn)性和趣味性，以及工作中需承擔(dān)的責(zé)任即最終獲得的認(rèn)可。所以選選項(xiàng)C，即挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。

【干擾項(xiàng)分析】原文首句雖談及選項(xiàng)A、B、D各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，但是but轉(zhuǎn)折后全盤(pán)否定but one expert, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers。故可全部排除。

33. A) Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually.	A) 許多單調(diào)的工作繼續(xù)由手工做。
B) More and more unskilled workers will lose jobs.	B) 越來(lái)越多的非技術(shù)工人將失業(yè)。
C) Computers will change the nature of many jobs.	C) 電腦將改變很多工作性質(zhì)。
D) Boring jobs will gradually be made enjoyable.	D) 無(wú)聊的工作將變得快樂(lè)。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】從選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容可知，本題考查的是工作的性質(zhì)，應(yīng)注意關(guān)鍵提示詞-tedious，unskilled and lose job，computer和boring and enjoyable。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】此題問(wèn)到作者對(duì)電腦信息時(shí)代總結(jié)了什么。從原文中However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there're always plenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled people who have to do them.，連接詞however后出現(xiàn)了答案。意為，盡管電腦和機(jī)器人技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展，還是存在無(wú)聊的、重復(fù)的、機(jī)械性的工作，需要人力完成，對(duì)應(yīng)到正確答案A選項(xiàng)中的tedious以及manually。

34. A) Offer them chances of promotion.	A) 提供給他們晉升機(jī)會(huì)。
B) Improve their working conditions.	B) 改善他們的工作條件。
C) Encourage them to compete with each other.	C) 鼓勵(lì)他們相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
D) Give them responsibilities as part of a team.	D) 給他們責(zé)任，讓他們成為團(tuán)隊(duì)一部分。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】此題為一細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)B與其他三項(xiàng)明顯不同，可初步排除。聽(tīng)音時(shí)，注意選項(xiàng)中的promotion，compete和team。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】原文中激勵(lì)超市員工工作是個(gè)案，但是問(wèn)題本身針對(duì)的是總結(jié)性的答案。即出現(xiàn)在for example前的總結(jié)句：Give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as a part of a team。but后強(qiáng)調(diào)的是team，正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

35. A) They will not bring real benefits to the staff.	A) 他們將不能給員工帶來(lái)真正利益。
B) They concern a small number of people only.	B) 他們與少數(shù)人相關(guān)。
C) They are arbitrarily set by the administrators.	C) 是管理人員隨意制定的。
D) They are beyond the control of ordinary workers.	D) 他們超出了普通工人的控制。

【聽(tīng)音指導(dǎo)】首先意識(shí)到最后一題的答案應(yīng)在文章結(jié)束前幾句找，由各選項(xiàng)可知，所描述的對(duì)象并不是積極的，而是有負(fù)面影響的。

【正確項(xiàng)分析】為什么金錢(qián)誘惑刺激不了工作熱情，答案出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾前30秒處，即Such values are more likely to motivate workers than financial targets which automatically only concern a few people，意為團(tuán)隊(duì)精神更能激起工作熱情，因?yàn)榻疱X(qián)利益最終只會(huì)與團(tuán)隊(duì)中的個(gè)別人相關(guān)。答案為選項(xiàng)B。

原文及譯文

It's logical to suppose that things like good labor relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits and job security motivate workers, but one expert, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers. They are merely satisfiers. Motivators, in contrast, include things such as having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility. However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there're always plenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled people who have to do them. So how do managers motivate people in such jobs? One solution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as a team. For example, some supermarkets combine office staff, the people who fill the shelves, and the people who work at the checkout into a team, and let them decide what product lines to stock, how to display them and so on. Many people now talk about the importance of a company's shared values or culture with which all the staff can identify, for example, being the best hotel chain, or making the best, the most user-friendly or the most reliable products in a particular field. Such values are more likely to motivate workers than financial targets which ultimately only concern a few people. Unfortunately, there's only a limited number of such goals to go around and by definition, not all the competing companies in an industry can seriously play in to be the best.

32: What can actually motivate workers according to Frederick Herzberg?

33: What does the speaker say about jobs in the computer era?

34: What do some supermarkets do to motivate employees?

35: Why does the speaker say financial targets are less likely to motivate workers?

認(rèn)為良好的勞資關(guān)系、愉悅的工作環(huán)境、較高的工資和福利待遇、工作安全性好能夠激勵(lì)員工，這是完全符合邏輯的。然而，專(zhuān)家弗洛迪克·赫茲伯格認(rèn)為這些條件并不能激勵(lì)員工，只是讓員工得到滿足的物質(zhì)條件而已。相反，激勵(lì)因素包括挑戰(zhàn)性和趣味性的工作、認(rèn)可和責(zé)任等。然而，即使隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，仍有大量無(wú)聊的、重復(fù)的和機(jī)械的工作，并且還必須有大量做這些工作的非技術(shù)人員。所以管理人員如何激勵(lì)從事這種工作的人呢? 一種解決辦法就是讓他們承擔(dān)責(zé)任，不是作為個(gè)人，而是作為團(tuán)隊(duì)。例如，有些超市把辦公室人員、填貨人和收銀員編成一組，讓他們決定進(jìn)什么貨、產(chǎn)品如何陳列等?，F(xiàn)在很多人在談?wù)搯T工認(rèn)同的公司的價(jià)值觀和公司文化的重要性，如怎樣成為最好的旅館連鎖，或在某一特定領(lǐng)域做最好的，用戶最親善的或者最可靠的產(chǎn)品。這樣的價(jià)值觀比那些只與少數(shù)人有關(guān)的財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)更有可能激勵(lì)員工。不幸的是，只有個(gè)別公司才會(huì)有這樣的目標(biāo)，當(dāng)然，并不是所有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)公司在業(yè)界都能做成最好的。

32：根據(jù)弗洛迪克·赫茲伯格的觀點(diǎn)，什么可以激勵(lì)員工？

33：說(shuō)話者就計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的工作發(fā)表了什么觀點(diǎn)？

34：一些超市為激勵(lì)員工采取了什么措施？

35：為什么說(shuō)財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)不太可能激發(fā)員工？