Students can settle in to a false sense of security if they take the time to study but don’t retain much of the information. ?This happens because they don’t study in the most effective way.

?對于學生，如果他們花了時間學習但卻沒有學到多少知識，他們可能處于一種不真實的安全感中。在他們沒有使用最有效的方式學習時，這種情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生。

If you don’t study the right way, you can show up on test day feeling prepared, and then draw a blank on the test. Are you guilty of these seven sins of studying?

如果你沒有用正確的方式學習，將會出現(xiàn)在一種情況——考試那一天感覺準備好了，考試時大腦卻一片空白。你是否犯了學習中的這七宗罪呢?

1. Passive Study

1．被動的學習

Reading your text book is a great first step when it comes to studying, but you can’t just read your text book or passage. That is passive studying. To study effectively, you have to get active with the material in your book. The more we “work” with information, by reading, writing, drawing, and quizzing, the more we remember it.

開始學習時第一步主要是閱讀課本，但你不能只讀你的課本或文章。這是被動的學習。要想有效地學習，你必須積極地去理解書中的內(nèi)容。我們越多地“運用”這些信息——通過閱讀、寫作、畫圖、測驗，我們會記住更多的內(nèi)容。

2. Studying Without Structure

2．無結構的學習

Every topic that you study has been presented to you in some type of sensible structure, whether it is math – which comes in building blocks, or social studies ?- which comes in categories. Take some time to examine how the material you’re studying was presented to you, and frame the material this way as you study.

你學習的每個主題都以某種合理結構展現(xiàn)出來，如果是數(shù)學——就用構建模塊的方式展現(xiàn)，如果是社會科學研究——就用類別的方式。請花一些時間來檢查你的學習內(nèi)容如何呈現(xiàn)，并且針對內(nèi)容制定一個學習計劃。

For example, you must study math in the sequence of steps or blocks that was presented in your chapter, because you are unlikely to understand “step three” if you didn’t see it as a follow-up to steps one and two.

例如，你學習數(shù)學時必須以章節(jié)所展現(xiàn)的一系列步驟或模塊來進行，因為你如果不把“第3步”看成是步驟1和2的后續(xù)步驟，你就不能理解它。

In social sciences, you must find out what types of categories or subtopics your text is presenting. If you are studying several civilizations or populations, for example, what topics are presented as chapters? It could be customs, governments, ?hereditary traits, or more. Find patterns in your notes and chapters. Then create reusable comparison charts and fill them in from memory a few times.

在社會科學中，必須找出你的文本中有哪些類別和子類別。例如，如果你正在研究文明或人口，按章節(jié)展示的都是什么主題?可能是習俗、政府、遺傳特征，或者其他內(nèi)容。請從筆記或章節(jié)中找到一種模式，然后設計一張可反復使用的對比圖表并且根據(jù)記憶填補表格幾次。

When you study any social science，?you must recognize subtopics and make charts to:

Compare,Contrast,Contextualize.By comparing and contrasting government types, for example, you will be prepared to recognize incorrect choices in a multiple choice exam.

當你學習任何社會科學時，你必須能識別出子標題并制作圖表來進一步掌握信息（如比較、對比、聯(lián)系上下文），例如：通過比較和對比政府類型，你可以在多選題測試中識別出錯誤的選項。

3. Single Cramming Session

3．單一的填鴨式方法

Memories are reinforced through repetition. Do not fool yourself into believing that you can really learn material in a single session of cramming. Some of the information will absorb, but some will evaporate, which means it’s an OK strategy if you’re going to be happy with a C grade .
記憶可以通過重復加強。但不要欺騙自己去相信可以通過單一的填鴨式方法學習知識。重復的學習方式可以接受一些信息，但有一些則不會掌握，這意味著如果你樂意得到一個C級的分數(shù)，這個策略可行。

The more you revisit information, the more you absorb and retain. Study a week or so before a test and then follow up with your cramming sessions. ?That’s a formula for an A.

你復習學習內(nèi)容的次數(shù)越多，你接受和保留的就越多。在測試前大約一個星期左右的時間進行學習，并且使用填鴨式方法。這才是得A的方法。

4. Failing to Preview

4.預習不充分

Your brain works best if we give it time to create a framework for the information we’re taking in. It might be helpful to think of your brain as a filing cabinet. When you do your assigned readings before class, you establish “drawers and files” for the information you hear in class lectures.

Without this ready storage system, your brain doesn’t know where to file things, and it is more likely to get lost in confusion.

如果在攝入信息前給出信息的框架，大腦運行會更有效率。把你的大腦想象成一個文件柜可能會很有幫助。當你在上課前做指定的閱讀時，請你為會在課上聽到的信息建立“抽屜和文件”（即了解所學知識的整體框架）。

如果沒有這個準備好的存儲系統(tǒng)，你的大腦就不知道文件應該存儲到哪里，它更有可能在一片混亂中遺失了信息。

5.Ignoring Images

5．忽略圖片

One very common mistake students make is glazing over images and charts in their readings. Those visuals are chosen for a reason, and instructors often include information from the information on exams.The next time you’re reviewing a chapter for an exam, make sure to notice the images, and work into that information your flashcards.

學生常犯的一個常見錯誤就是忽略閱讀材料上的圖片和圖表。這些視覺化的東西被選擇是有理由的，并且這些指示圖往往包括考試的相關信息。下次你為考試復習一章時，一定要注意到這些圖片，并且可以將這些圖片信息放入抽認卡中。

6. Lazy Flashcards

6．懶人抽認卡

Flashcards are terrific study tools,?but you have to learn to use flashcards the right way in order to make the most of your study time. The first step of effective flashcard use is the method you’re already using: put key terms or dates on one side and definitions on the other. Quiz yourself repeatedly until you can define every term from memory.

抽認卡是很棒的學習工具，但是你必須學會使用抽認卡的正確方式，以充分利用你的學習時間。抽認卡使用的第一步是你已經(jīng)使用的方法:把關鍵詞或日期放在卡的一面，而把解釋和定義放在另一面。反復測驗自己，直到你可以記憶每個術語的定義。

Step 2 of flashcard use is to use your terms to make comparisons. Go through your stack again, selecting two random cards. Then write a short paragraph explaining how the two terms relate to each other. This exercise will help you understand how individual terms fit into the bigger picture.

使用抽認卡的第2步是使用你的卡片進行比較。使用一疊抽認卡，選擇兩個隨機卡。然后寫一個簡短的段落解釋這兩個術語之間的關系。這個練習將幫助你了解單個的術語如何聯(lián)系形成一個整體。

7. Late Night Study Before Your Test

7．測試前的深夜學習

Students love to stay up late to study, but this is a dangerous practice on the night before a test. Often, students cram for a test late into the night, and then go to bed with the adrenalin (or caffeine) pumping through their veins.
學生喜歡熬夜學習，但在考前的晚上這是一個危險的行為。通常，學生為考試死記硬背到深夜，然后在腎上腺素(或咖啡因)奔涌在靜脈中的狀況下入睡。

When this happens, you run the risk of getting too little sleep and taking the test in a zombie-like state. ?You just defeat the purpose of studying in the first place if you try to take a test in a dozy haze. Take care of your brain and give it the rest it needs on the night before your test.

當這一切發(fā)生的時候，你就會承擔睡眠太少的風險，以木訥的狀態(tài)進入考試。如果你在一種困倦的狀態(tài)下來完成考試，起初熬夜學習的目標便會破滅。所以，請照顧你的大腦，在考試的前一晚給它所需要的休息吧。