There's a reason why people 100 years ago looked miserable. A new study has revealed how our smiles have evolved in photographs as a direct result of improving technology.The research was done using a new data-mining tool, which can reveal patterns in anything from phone conversations to behaviour on social media.
100年前的人看著那么悲催是有原因的。隨著技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn)，一項(xiàng)新研究向人們揭示了照片中的"笑容進(jìn)化史"。通過(guò)應(yīng)用新的數(shù)據(jù)處理工具，這項(xiàng)研究得以揭示從電話談話到社交媒體中的一切規(guī)律。

Ginosar looked at 150,000 yearbook photos as part of the study.After deleting photos that weren't face-on, she was left with around 37,000 images from 800 yearbooks in 26 states.
吉諾薩研究了15萬(wàn)張年鑒里的照片。去掉非正臉照片后，她留下了從26個(gè)州800本年鑒中找到的3萬(wàn)7千多張照片。

She then put the photographs together based on gender, and then decade, before they were blended into on another to create an 'average' face from each period.After analysing the images using her data mining tool, she found the most obvious difference between was the evolution of the smile, which gets broader as the years go on.
她先把照片根據(jù)性別和年份拼在一起，然后將這些照片重新排列，并從每個(gè)時(shí)期找出一張"大眾"臉。通過(guò)運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)處理工具解析圖片，她發(fā)現(xiàn)其中最明顯的區(qū)別莫過(guò)于微笑的演變，隨著年代不斷靠近，人們的微笑也越來(lái)越開(kāi)懷。

Ginosar says this is because of changing technologies.'These days we take for granted that we should smile when our picture is being taken,' she writes in her report.'However, smiling at the camera was not always the norm.
吉諾薩稱這是由于科技的進(jìn)步。"如今我們理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為拍照時(shí)就該笑，"吉諾薩在其報(bào)告中寫(xiě)到。"然而并不是每個(gè)時(shí)代的人都會(huì)在拍照時(shí)微笑。"

'In the late 19th century people posing for photographs still followed the habits of painted portraiture subjects.
19世紀(jì)晚期，人們拍照擺的姿勢(shì)依然模仿圖畫(huà)里的慣用動(dòng)作。

'These included keeping a serious expression since a smile was hard to maintain for as long as it took to paint a portrait.
其中就包括一臉嚴(yán)肅的表情，因?yàn)橐诋?huà)肖像的時(shí)候一直保持著微笑太難了。

'Also, etiquette and beauty standards dictated that the mouth be kept small - resulting in an instruction to 'say prunes', rather than cheese.
還有，當(dāng)時(shí)禮數(shù)和美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都要求笑不露齒－所以人們拍照時(shí)攝影師會(huì)讓人說(shuō)"prunes"（開(kāi)口度?。皇?cheese"（開(kāi)口度大）。

'All of this changed during the 20th century when amateurs photography became widespread.
這些現(xiàn)象在20世紀(jì)時(shí)才得以改變，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)業(yè)余攝影開(kāi)始普及。

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