科學(xué)拯救吃貨:你為什么總是餓?(下)
作者:滬江英語
來源:赫芬頓郵報(bào)
2015-05-25 10:33
【相關(guān)】科學(xué)拯救吃貨:你為什么總是餓?(上)
You need to eat more?protein
你需要補(bǔ)充更多蛋白
It sounds counterintuitive, but piling your plate with more food -- lean protein and healthy fat, specifically -- keeps hunger pangs at bay. "Not only does protein stay in your stomach and promote feelings of fullness, it's been shown to have an appetite-suppressing effect," says Rumsey. Aim for at least 46 grams of protein per day (best sources: Greek yogurt, eggs, lean meat and whole grains), which is the RDA for women between 19 and 70. For men, it's 56 grams per day.
這聽起來有點(diǎn)違背常理,但在盤子上放更多的食物——特別是瘦肉蛋白和健康的脂肪類——能使你的饑餓感消失無蹤。拉姆齊說:“蛋白質(zhì)不僅留在胃里、促使你產(chǎn)生飽腹感,而且有抑制食欲的效果?!泵刻鞌z入至少46克蛋白質(zhì)(最好的蛋白質(zhì)來源:希臘酸奶、蛋類、瘦肉和全谷物),這是推薦19-70歲女性的日攝食量。而男人每天要攝入56克蛋白質(zhì)。
You aren't eating enough fat
脂肪攝取不足
Just like protein, unsaturated fat is also linked to feelings of satiety. "When you're satisfied after a meal, you are more likely to listen to your hunger cues and not eat again until you are truly hungry," says Rumsey. Add this heart-healthy, brain-boosting kind of fat to your meals in the form of oils, nuts and seeds and avocados. Experts recommend that adults limit their fat intake to 20 to 35 percent of their total daily calories.
就像蛋白質(zhì)一樣,不飽和脂肪也和飽腹感有關(guān)系。拉姆齊說:“當(dāng)你餐后感覺滿足時(shí),你更有可能聽懂饑餓的暗示,直到真餓了才會再吃”。把這種促進(jìn)心臟健康和大腦發(fā)育的脂肪添加到你的日常飲食中吧,比如:油、堅(jiān)果、種子和牛油果。專家建議成年人把脂肪攝入量限制到每日總熱量的20%-35%。
You skip meals
總不吃飯
Yet another reason why ghosting on breakfast or forgoing other meals throughout the day backfires on you. When you skip a meal and your stomach is empty for too long, it produces an uptick in the hunger hormone ghrelin, which ramps your appetite, says Rumsey. "Ghrelin also prompts the GI tract to expect food to come. Your ghrelin levels are in overdrive, and so is your lust for food." When you finally give in, you're prone to a binge. As a general rule, try not to let more than 4 to 5 hours go by between meals. And even if you hate breakfast, eat something in the a.m. within an hour of waking, like yogurt, peanut butter and apple slices, or a soymilk smoothie.
這也是為什么你一天中不吃早餐或其他餐點(diǎn)卻適得其反的原因。拉姆齊說:“你跳過一頓飯,你的胃就挨餓太長時(shí)間,這就使胃饑餓素荷爾蒙上升,并使你胃口大開?!拔葛囸I素也提醒胃腸道期待食物到來。胃饑餓素的水平超速上升,隨之提高的是你的食欲”。當(dāng)你最終向胃屈服的時(shí)候,你就容易開始大吃大喝。一般情況下,兩頓飯間隔盡量不要超過4-5小時(shí),即使你討厭吃早餐,早上醒來一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)也要吃點(diǎn)東西,像酸奶、花生醬加蘋果片、或者豆乳奶昔都可以。
You're bombarded by food porn
你受食物描寫影響了
Pinterest recipe boards. Facebook photos of your friends' lunches. Late-night TV ads for takeout pizza. With images of food saturating our lives 24-7, it's no wonder so many of us are constantly craving the real thing. The connection between what we see and what we desire has been documented by science: a 2012 study from the journal Obesityfound that just looking at food cranked up levels of ghrelin, the hunger hormone. Getting a whiff of food has a similar effect, says Moon. "Pleasant food aromas stimulate an involuntary physiological reaction: the mouth will salivate and the stomach will contract, mimicking hunger pangs," she says. Of course, you can't totally eliminate the possibility of seeing or smelling food. But try limiting your exposure, say by skipping TV commercials and un-following food brands on Instagram.
Pinterest(圖片社交平臺)上的食譜、臉書上朋友的午餐照片、深夜電視上外賣披薩的廣告,這些食物的圖片充滿了我們?nèi)斓纳睿y怪如此多的人不斷渴望吃東西。人們眼睛所見和內(nèi)心渴望之間存在的聯(lián)系已經(jīng)有了科學(xué)證明:Obesityfound雜志上的2012年的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,僅僅看著食物都會提高胃饑餓素——即饑餓荷爾蒙的水平。莫恩說聞到食物的味道也有類似的效果。她說:“令人愉悅的食物的香味會刺激不自覺的生理反應(yīng):嘴里分泌唾液、胃部收縮,模仿出饑餓感?!碑?dāng)然,你不能完全消除看見或聞到食物的可能性,但你可以嘗試減少暴露在食物前的機(jī)會,比如說跳過電視廣告或者不看Instagram(圖片分享應(yīng)用)上的食物商標(biāo)。
You inhale your food
吃飯狼吞虎咽
When you wolf down your meal, your stomach might be full, but you haven't allowed your brain enough time to register that fullness. When your brain is still in the dark, it keeps your appetite high... and you continue eating. A study published in 2013 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism supports this, finding that eating at a moderate pace prompts the release of hormones that tell your brain "no more." Try eating your food slowly, savoring each bite and enjoying the ritual of a good meal. Then wait at least 20 minutes before deciding if you really do need another helping. That's about how long it takes for that fullness signal to reach your brain, says Rumsey.
當(dāng)你狼吞哭咽地吃飯時(shí),你的胃可能飽了,但你沒給大腦足夠的時(shí)間來感受到自己的飽腹感。你的大腦并不知情,就繼續(xù)使你胃口大開……然后你就繼續(xù)吃?!杜R床內(nèi)分泌學(xué)與代謝》雜志刊登的2013年的研究認(rèn)同這一觀點(diǎn),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)嚼慢咽促使激素釋放,從而提示大腦“別再吃了”。試著慢點(diǎn)吃東西,細(xì)細(xì)品味每一口食物,并盡情享受一頓大餐的禮儀。然后至少等20分鐘再決定你是否真的要再吃一份。拉姆齊說:“這就是飽腹感信號傳遞到大腦所需的時(shí)間”。
You're on certain meds
你在吃某種藥物
The same drugs you might be taking regularly to treat a health condition can also drive you to raid the refrigerator. Antidepressants such as Zoloft and Paxil, as well as corticosteroids such as prednisone (prescribed to treat potentially dangerous flareups of the immune system due to allergies, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease like Crohn's disease, and some cancers), are known to affect appetite, says Rumsey. If you're on one of these prescription and feel hungry after a normal-sized meal, talk to your doctor to see if it's possible to switch to another drug.
你定期服用的治療疾病的藥物可能也會使你總想開冰箱找吃的。拉姆齊說:“像左洛復(fù)或帕羅西汀這樣的抗抑郁藥,像強(qiáng)的松這樣的激素(按規(guī)定是用來治療由過敏、哮喘、炎癥性腸病——像節(jié)段性回腸炎、和一些癌癥引起的有潛在危險(xiǎn)性的免疫系統(tǒng)突然異常)都是已知的能影響食欲的藥物”。如果你正在吃其中一種藥,而且吃完正常一頓的飯量后感覺餓,就找你的醫(yī)生談?wù)?,看看是否能換一種藥。