時(shí)
態(tài) 基本用法 常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 例句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài) 習(xí)慣性或常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.

sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc He reads French every morning.
表能力，性格，特征等 Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述 The moon turns round the earth.
劇本、圖、文的解說(shuō) The scene changes back to the park.
按時(shí)刻表，計(jì)劃決定好了的事 The train leaves at 8:00.
在“時(shí)間，條件，方式，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句”中表“將來(lái)”動(dòng)作 I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài) 具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) ...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. Mary was here a moment ago.
過(guò)去常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，特征 He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”的情況 He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用語(yǔ)中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”,常與“could/would”連用在“時(shí)間，條件，讓步”等狀語(yǔ)從句中表“過(guò)去將來(lái)” I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) shall(’ll)用于第一人稱(chēng)will(’ll)用于各人稱(chēng)，表示“將會(huì)”“意愿” tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即將發(fā)生，打算做” It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“計(jì)劃，安排” He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即將就要發(fā)生/做” She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表計(jì)劃決定，要求，命令，傳達(dá)命令指示等” You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài) “should+v.原/would+v.原”表過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)”。常用于從句或引語(yǔ)中 常用于狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。 She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“過(guò)去即將發(fā)生或打算要做” She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃，安排” I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“過(guò)去即將，就要” I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃決定，要求命令等” He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time He is playing basketball now.
現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 I’m writing a book these days.
表“計(jì)劃安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作” She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反復(fù)經(jīng)常”的動(dòng)作，常與always等連用，有責(zé)備，高興等較濃的感情色彩。 They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表進(jìn)行。 Here comes the bus.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment?
過(guò)去某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 Last year we were building the library.
在過(guò)去看來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 He wondered whether she was leaving.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài) 過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/…ago/從句；for+時(shí)段；in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet I have lived here for six years.
在現(xiàn)在為止一個(gè)動(dòng)作狀態(tài)已多次發(fā)生 I’ve seen the film four times.
到現(xiàn)在為止時(shí)的一動(dòng)作狀態(tài)經(jīng)歷 I’ve never been to America.
過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在還有影響 He has just come back.

4．動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài):
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者）。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be/get(助動(dòng)詞)+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be/get體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)變化。主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)保持不變；動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由“by短語(yǔ)”表示；get+過(guò)去分詞側(cè)重動(dòng)作的效果，通常不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)變否定式，疑問(wèn)時(shí)要借助助動(dòng)詞。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
（1）不及物動(dòng)詞一般沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The sun sets in the west.
易錯(cuò)的常見(jiàn)的不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
（2）主動(dòng)句帶雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的句子，可將“間接賓語(yǔ)”或“直接賓語(yǔ)”變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)叫保留賓語(yǔ)。一般將“間接賓語(yǔ)”變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)變直接賓語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在保留賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)）前加一個(gè)介詞to（給，表方向）或for（替）。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
（3）主動(dòng)句帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，改稱(chēng)為“主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”即主補(bǔ)。當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
（4）含有“動(dòng)-介/動(dòng)-副/動(dòng)-副-介”等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把這些短語(yǔ)看成一個(gè)整體（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞），不能漏掉任何詞。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
（5）含有“動(dòng)-名-介”型短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，也可將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
（6）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表“動(dòng)作”，用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)變化比較豐富。
系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表“性質(zhì)”，常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
（九）構(gòu)詞法
1．概念及種類(lèi)：
英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成有一定的規(guī)律，這些規(guī)律叫構(gòu)詞法。主要有四種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生和縮略。常見(jiàn)的是前三種。見(jiàn)下圖。

種類(lèi) 構(gòu)成方法 例詞
合成 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成為一個(gè)詞 Classroom，newspaper，blackboard
Schoolmate，newly-born，hard-working
轉(zhuǎn)化 由一詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為另一詞類(lèi) taste，answer，back，hand，empty
派生 在詞根上加前綴或后綴 care，careful，carefully
careless carelessness carelessly

2．高中階段主要構(gòu)詞方法歸納：派生法和合成法
（1）派生法
①常用前綴

表“否定” un- unfair unable unlikely
in- impossible incapable
dis- discover disagree dislike dishonest
表“重復(fù)” re- rewrite retell repeat reconsider

②常用后綴

類(lèi)型
加法 后綴意義 例詞
名
詞
后
綴 -er/or
-tion
-ese
-ist
-ing
-ment
-ness
-ian “動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者”
變成了名詞
“…地方的人”
“人”
名詞化
名詞化
變?yōu)槊~
變?yōu)椤啊娜恕?teacher visitor inventor
organization congratulation invention
Chinese Japanese
pianist scientist violinist
living greeting wedding
movement treatment
happiness illness sickness carelessness
Australian
動(dòng)
詞
后
綴 -ify
-ice
-ise
-en 使…變… beautify
realise organise
sacrifice
lengthen strengthen
形
容
詞
后
綴 -able
-ful
-y
-ive
-al
-an 可…的，能…的
充滿(mǎn)…的
帶有…的
有…特征的
屬于…的
…的 suitable comfortable movable
beautiful careful useful
sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty
active,instructive
musical medical physical
American European Australian
-ly 副詞后綴 carefully really certainly
數(shù)
詞
后
綴 -teen 表“十三至十九” fourteen fifteen nineteen
-ty 表“二十、三十…七十” forty sixty eighty
-th 表“第幾” fourth sixtieth ninth

（2）合成法：
police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
what+ever=whatever