?時態(tài)講解：現(xiàn)在完成時

1）現(xiàn)在完成時通常表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。說話人強調(diào)的是該動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。

?My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。

?I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我們以前見過面。

?She has arrived. 她到了。

2）表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時間的狀語連用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：

I haven’t heard from her these days.? 這些日子我沒有收到她的信。??

We haven’t seen you recently.? 最近我們沒有見到你。

They have been away for two years.? 他們離開已經(jīng)兩年了。??????

She has been with us since Monday.

3）. 現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現(xiàn)在這段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作.

We have had four texts this semester.

been to 和have gone to的區(qū)別

have been to 強調(diào)“去過”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，如：

He has been to the USA three times.

他到美國去過三次。（過去“到美國”，現(xiàn)在已“不在美國”）

have gone to主要強調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說話的現(xiàn)場，如：

--Where's your mother? --你媽媽在哪？

--She has gone to the hospital. --她去醫(yī)院了。

結(jié)構(gòu)

1.肯定句：主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞+其他

2.否定句：主語+have/has+not+動詞的過去分詞+其他

3.一般疑問句：have/has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+其他

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Yes, 主語+have/has.?? No , 主語+have/has+not

4.特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+其他

二、常和現(xiàn)在完成時一起連用的時間狀語

注意:.現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，(如表示過去的時間狀語）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for, since連用.
1.現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問）, just, before, recently, still, lately，Just,? already,? yet,? ever,? never,? before,? twice(重復性時間)，for+短時間，since+點時間，so far,? how long 提問的疑問句中.......

　　He has already obtained a scholarship.
　　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
　　We have seen that film before.
　　Have they found the missing child yet ?
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
　　如ever, never, twice, several times等:
　　Have you ever been to Beijing
　　I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
　　I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
　　George has met that gentleman several times.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,
　　如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:
　　Peter has written six papers so far.
　　Up to the present everything has been successful.
?

三、當現(xiàn)在完成時與表示短時間的時間狀語連用時，謂語動詞必須使用延續(xù)性動詞。如果謂語動詞是非延續(xù)性動詞則轉(zhuǎn)化為對應的延續(xù)性動詞。? 若不是和短時間連用，則不用轉(zhuǎn)化。

英語的行為動詞有持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間性動詞之分，使用中應注意兩者的區(qū)別。
1. 持續(xù)性動詞: 表示一個動作可以持續(xù)一段時間或更長時間。
常見的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2. 瞬間性動詞:? 表示一個動作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動詞。
常見的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
3. 瞬間性動詞在完成時中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用，通常用意思相當?shù)某掷m(xù)性動詞來替換
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.? （他參軍已有3年了。）不用has joined??
She has been up for quite some time.? （她起床已有好久了。）不用has got up?????
Has your brother been away from home for a long time? （離家已有好久了嗎？）不用has left?
常用瞬間動詞相應持續(xù)性動詞關(guān)系：
1、go—be away?? 2、come—be here?? 3、come back—be back?? 4、leave—be away（be not here）5、buy—have?????? 6、borrow—keep????? 7、die——be dead??????? 8、begin——be on?? 9、finish—be over??? 10、open——be open?? 11、close——be closed???? 12、lose——be lost?? 13、get to know—know???? 14、turn on—be on??? 15、get up——be up?? 16、sit down—sit/beseated?? 17、join—be in（…）或be a…member???? 18、become—be
4. 瞬間動詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用
例如：I haven’t seen you for a long time.（好久沒見到你了。）

四、區(qū)別下面三組詞

Have been to 表示去過某地方，不過現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來

Have gone to 表示去了，還未回來

Have been in 表示一直在某個地方

五現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過去時表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。
I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我剛?cè)ミ^倫敦，是上個月去的。
1. 過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響?！?br> 2. 過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語

共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
?

六、現(xiàn)在完成時的反義疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)

主語+have/has+動詞過去分詞+其他，have/has+not+主語

主語+have/has+not+動詞過去分詞+其他，? have/has+主語

七、現(xiàn)在完成時考點例析

一、考查其構(gòu)成

"助動詞have (has) +動詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。如：

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，____ ?? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she

析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫，故選B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)

His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. ??A. has B. had C. did D. have

析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式應與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語為her parents是復數(shù),故選D。

二、考查其用法與標志詞

(一)當句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時，常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? 　-______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish ??B. Are; finishing ??C. Did; finish ???D. Have; finished

2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed ????????B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed ???D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應用現(xiàn)在完成時，故1題選D，2題選D。

(二)當句中有"for +段時間"或"since +點時間"等時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，若是非延續(xù)性動詞，要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如：

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

　A. after ??B. before ???C. since ????D. for

析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時，而從句用的是一般過去時，故選C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

　A. has lent ???B. has borrowed ???C. has bought ????D. has had

析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用，故選D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.

　A. didn't receive ??B. haven't got ??C. didn't have ??D. haven't heard

析：據(jù)since可知，應排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?　-Yes, I have.

　A. went to ????B. gone to ????C. been in ?????D. been to

析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項意為"去某地了"，C項意為"一直呆在某地"，D項意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選D。

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.

　A. have been in ???B. have been to?? ?C. have gone to ????D. have been

析：本題句中有"for+段時間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項意為"去過某地"，不合題意，D項缺介詞，故選A。

四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)

析：非延續(xù)性動詞與"段時間"連用時，除了把非延續(xù)性動詞改成延續(xù)性動詞外，還可把動詞改為一般過去時或借助句型"It's +段時間+since+從句"進行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)

　________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導的從句要用一般過去時，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.

　A. lost ??B. don't lose ??C. have lost ??D. is coming

析：因我丟了票的動作發(fā)生在過去，而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的含意，故選C。