美國(guó)憲法
The Constitution of the United States of America
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time: and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;--And
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III
Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more states;--between a state and citizens of another state;--between citizens of different states;--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
Article IV
Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI
All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.
In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris
Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom
Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll
Virginia: John Blair--, James Madison Jr.
North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson
South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler
Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin
美國(guó)憲法（中文）
我們合眾國(guó)人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國(guó)內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)制定本憲法。
第 一 條
第一款 本憲法授予的全部立法權(quán)，屬于由參議院和眾議院組成的合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)。
第二款 眾議院由各州人民每?jī)赡赀x舉產(chǎn)生的眾議員組成。每個(gè)州的選舉人須具備該州州議會(huì)人數(shù)最多一院選舉人所必需的資格。
凡年齡不滿二十五歲，成為合眾國(guó)公民不滿七年，在一州當(dāng)選時(shí)不是該州居民者，不得擔(dān)任眾議員。
[眾議員名額和直接稅稅額，在本聯(lián)邦可包括的各州中，按照各自人口比例進(jìn)行分配。各州人口數(shù)，按自由人總數(shù)加上所有其他人口的五分之三予以確定。自由人總數(shù)包括必須服一定年限勞役的人，但不包括未被征稅的印第安人。]①人口的實(shí)際統(tǒng)計(jì)在合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)第一次會(huì)議后三年內(nèi)和此后每十年內(nèi)，依法律規(guī)定的方式進(jìn)行。每三萬(wàn)人選出的眾議員人數(shù)不得超過(guò)一名，但每州至少須有一名眾議員；在進(jìn)行上述人口統(tǒng)計(jì)以前，新罕布什爾州有權(quán)選出三名，馬薩諸塞州八名，羅得島州和普羅維登斯種植地一名，康涅狄格州五名，紐約州六名，新澤西州四名，賓夕法尼亞州八名，特拉華州一名，馬里蘭州六名，弗吉尼亞州十名，北卡羅來(lái)納州五名，南卡羅來(lái)納州五名，佐治亞州三名。
任何一州代表出現(xiàn)缺額時(shí)，該州行政當(dāng)局應(yīng)發(fā)布選舉令，以填補(bǔ)此項(xiàng)缺額。
眾議院選舉本院議長(zhǎng)和其他官員，并獨(dú)自擁有彈劾權(quán)。
第三款 合眾國(guó)參議院由[每州州議會(huì)選舉的]②兩名參議員組成，任期六年；每名參議員有一票表決權(quán)。
參議員在第一次選舉后集會(huì)時(shí)，立即分為人數(shù)盡可能相等的三個(gè)組。第一組參議員席位在第二年年終空出，第二組參議員席位在第四年年終空出，第三組參議員席位在第六年年終空出，以便三分之一的參議員得每二年改選一次。[在任何一州州議會(huì)休會(huì)期間，如因辭職或其他原因而出現(xiàn)缺額時(shí)，該州行政長(zhǎng)官在州議會(huì)下次集會(huì)填補(bǔ)此項(xiàng)缺額前，得任命臨時(shí)參議員。]⑧
凡年齡不滿三十歲，成為合眾國(guó)公民不滿九年，在一州當(dāng)選時(shí)不是該州居民者，不得擔(dān)任參議員。
合眾國(guó)副總統(tǒng)任參議院議長(zhǎng)，但除非參議員投票時(shí)贊成票和反對(duì)票相等，無(wú)表決權(quán)。
參議院選舉本院其他官員，并在副總統(tǒng)缺席或行使合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)職權(quán)時(shí)，選舉一名臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)。
參議院獨(dú)自擁有審判一切彈劾案的權(quán)力。為此目的而開庭時(shí)，全體參議員須宣誓或作代誓宣言。合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)受審時(shí)，最高法院首席大法官主持審判。無(wú)論何人，非經(jīng)出席參議員三分之二的同意，不得被定罪。
彈劾案的判決，不得超出免職和剝奪擔(dān)任和享有合眾國(guó)屬下有榮譽(yù)、有責(zé)任或有薪金的任何職務(wù)的資格。但被定罪的人，仍可依法起訴、審判、判決和懲罰。
第四款 舉行參議員和眾議員選舉的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式，在每個(gè)州由該州議會(huì)規(guī)定。但除選舉參議員的地點(diǎn)外，國(guó)會(huì)得隨時(shí)以法律制定或改變這類規(guī)定。
國(guó)會(huì)每年至少開會(huì)一次，除非國(guó)會(huì)以法律另訂日期外，此會(huì)議在（十二月第一個(gè)星期一]④舉行。
第五款 每院是本院議員的選舉、選舉結(jié)果報(bào)告和資格的裁判者。每院議員過(guò)半數(shù)，即構(gòu)成議事的法定人數(shù)；但不足法定人數(shù)時(shí)，得逐日休會(huì)，并有權(quán)按每院規(guī)定的方式和罰則，強(qiáng)迫缺席議員出席會(huì)議。
每院得規(guī)定本院議事規(guī)則，懲罰本院議員擾亂秩序的行為，并經(jīng)三之二議員的同意開除議員。
每院應(yīng)有本院會(huì)議記錄，并不時(shí)予以公布，但它認(rèn)為需要保密的部分除外。每院議員對(duì)于任何問(wèn)題的贊成票和反對(duì)票，在出席議員五分之一的請(qǐng)求下，應(yīng)載入會(huì)議記錄。
在國(guó)會(huì)開會(huì)期間，任何一院，未經(jīng)另一院同意，不得休會(huì)三日以上，也不得到非兩院開會(huì)的任何地方休會(huì)。
第六款 參議員和眾議員應(yīng)得到服務(wù)的報(bào)酬，此項(xiàng)報(bào)酬由法律確定并由合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)支付。他們除犯叛國(guó)罪、重罪和妨害治安罪外，在一切情況下都享有在出席各自議院會(huì)議期間和往返于各自議院途中不受逮捕的特權(quán)。他們不得因在各自議院發(fā)表的演說(shuō)或辯論而在任何其他地方受到質(zhì)問(wèn)。
參議員或眾議員在當(dāng)選任期內(nèi)，不得被任命擔(dān)任在此期間設(shè)置或增薪的合眾國(guó)管轄下的任何文官職務(wù)。凡在合眾國(guó)屬下任職者，在繼續(xù)任職期間不得擔(dān)任任何一院議員。
第七款 所有征稅議案應(yīng)首先在眾議院提出，但參議院得像對(duì)其他議案一樣，提出或同意修正案。
眾議院和參議院通過(guò)的每一議案，在成為法律前須送交合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)如批準(zhǔn)該議案，即應(yīng)簽署；如不批準(zhǔn)，則應(yīng)將該議案同其反對(duì)意見退回最初提出該議案的議院。該院應(yīng)特此項(xiàng)反對(duì)見詳細(xì)載入本院會(huì)議記錄并進(jìn)行復(fù)議。如經(jīng)復(fù)議后，該院三分之二議員同意通過(guò)該議案，該議案連同反對(duì)意見應(yīng)一起送交另一議院，并同樣由該院進(jìn)行復(fù)議，如經(jīng)該院三分之二議員贊同，該議案即成為法律。但在所有這類情況下，兩院表決都由贊成票和反對(duì)票決定；對(duì)該議案投贊成票和反對(duì)票的議員姓名應(yīng)分別載入每一議院會(huì)議記錄。如任何議案在送交總統(tǒng)后十天內(nèi)(星期日除外)未經(jīng)總統(tǒng)退回，該議案如同總統(tǒng)已簽署一樣，即成為法律，除非因國(guó)會(huì)休會(huì)而使該議案不能退回，在此種情況下，該議案不能成為法律。
凡須由參議院和眾議院一致同意的每項(xiàng)命令、決議或表決(關(guān)于休會(huì)問(wèn)題除外)，須送交合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)，該項(xiàng)命令、決議或表決在生效前，須由總統(tǒng)批準(zhǔn)，如總統(tǒng)不批準(zhǔn)，則按照關(guān)于議案所規(guī)定的規(guī)則和限制，由參議院和眾議院三分之二議員重新通過(guò)。
第八款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)：
規(guī)定和征收直接稅、進(jìn)口稅、捐稅和其他稅，以償付國(guó)債、提供合眾國(guó)共同防務(wù)和公共福利，但一切進(jìn)口稅、捐稅和其他稅應(yīng)全國(guó)統(tǒng)一；
以合眾國(guó)的信用借款；
管制同外國(guó)的、各州之間的和同印第安部落的商業(yè)；
制定合眾國(guó)全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的歸化條例和破產(chǎn)法；
鑄造貨幣，厘定本國(guó)貨幣和外國(guó)貨幣的價(jià)值，并確定度量衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；
規(guī)定有關(guān)偽造合眾國(guó)證券和通用貨幣的罰則；
設(shè)立郵政局和修建郵政道路；
保障著作家和發(fā)明家對(duì)各自著作和發(fā)明在限定期限內(nèi)的專有權(quán)利，以促進(jìn)科學(xué)和工藝的進(jìn)步；
設(shè)立低于最高法院的法院；
界定和懲罰在公海上所犯的海盜罪和重罪以及違反國(guó)際法的犯罪行為；
宣戰(zhàn)，頒發(fā)擄獲敵船許可狀，制定關(guān)于陸上和水上捕獲的條例；
招募陸軍和供給軍需，但此項(xiàng)用途的撥款期限不得超過(guò)兩年；
建立和維持一支海軍；
制定治理和管理陸海軍的條例；
規(guī)定征召民兵，以執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律、鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退入侵；
規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓(xùn)練，規(guī)定用來(lái)為合眾國(guó)服役的那些民兵的管理，但民兵軍官的任命和按國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定的條例訓(xùn)練民兵的權(quán)力，由各州保留；
對(duì)于由某些州讓與合眾國(guó)、經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)接受而成為合眾國(guó)政府所在地的地區(qū)(不得超過(guò)十平方英里)，在任何情況下都行使獨(dú)有的立法權(quán)；對(duì)于經(jīng)州議會(huì)同意、由合眾國(guó)在該州購(gòu)買的用于建造要塞、彈藥庫(kù)、兵工廠、船塢和其他必要建筑物的一切地方，行使同樣的權(quán)力；以及制定為行使上述各項(xiàng)權(quán)力和由本憲法授予合眾國(guó)政府或其任何部門或官員的一切其他權(quán)力所必要和適當(dāng)?shù)乃蟹伞?/p>
第九款 現(xiàn)有任何一州認(rèn)為得準(zhǔn)予入境之人的遷移或入境，在一千八百零八年以前，國(guó)會(huì)不得加以禁止，但對(duì)此種人的入境，每人可征不超過(guò)十美元的稅。不得中止人身保護(hù)狀的特權(quán)，除非發(fā)生叛亂或入侵時(shí)公共安全要求中止這項(xiàng)特權(quán)。
不得通過(guò)公民權(quán)利剝奪法案或追溯既往的法律。
[除依本憲法上文規(guī)定的人口普查或統(tǒng)計(jì)的比例，不得征收人頭稅或其他直接稅。]⑤
對(duì)于從任何一州輸出的貨物，不得征稅。
任何商業(yè)或稅收條例，都不得給予一州港口以優(yōu)惠于他州港口的待遇；開往或開出一州的船舶，不得被強(qiáng)迫在他州入港、出港或納稅。
除根據(jù)法律規(guī)定的撥款外，不得從國(guó)庫(kù)提取款項(xiàng)。一切公款收支的定期報(bào)告書和賬目，應(yīng)不時(shí)予以公布。
合眾國(guó)不得授予貴族爵位。凡在合眾國(guó)屬下?lián)稳魏斡行浇鸹蛴胸?zé)任的職務(wù)的人，未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，不得從任何國(guó)王、君主或外國(guó)接受任何禮物、俸祿、官職或任何一種爵位。
第十款 任何一州都不得：締結(jié)任何條約，參加任何同盟或邦聯(lián)；頒發(fā)捕獲敵船許可狀；鑄造貨幣；發(fā)行紙幣；使用金銀幣以外的任何物品作為償還債務(wù)的貨幣；通過(guò)任何公民權(quán)利剝奪法案、追溯既往的法律或損害契約義務(wù)的法律；或授予任何貴族爵位。
任何一州，未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨或出口貨征收任何稅款，但為執(zhí)行本州檢查法所絕對(duì)必需者除外。任何一州對(duì)進(jìn)口貨或出口貨所征全部稅款的純收益供合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)使用；所有這類法律得由國(guó)會(huì)加以修正和控制。
任何一州，未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，不得征收任何船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時(shí)期保持軍隊(duì)或戰(zhàn)艦，不得與他州或外國(guó)締結(jié)協(xié)定或盟約，除非實(shí)際遭到入侵或遇刻不容緩的緊迫危險(xiǎn)時(shí)不得進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
第 二 條
第一款 行政權(quán)屬于美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)任期四年，副總統(tǒng)的任期相同?？偨y(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)按以下方法選舉；每個(gè)州依照該州議會(huì)所定方式選派選舉人若干人，其數(shù)目同該州在國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)有的參議員和眾議員總?cè)藬?shù)相等。但參議員或眾議員，或在合眾國(guó)屬下?lián)斡胸?zé)任或有薪金職務(wù)的人，不得被選派為選舉人。
[選舉人在各自州內(nèi)集會(huì)，投票選舉兩人，其中至少有一人不是選舉人本州的居民。選舉人須開列名單，寫明所有被選人和每人所得票數(shù)；在該名單上簽名作證，將封印后的名單送合眾國(guó)政府所在地，交參議院議長(zhǎng)收。參議院議長(zhǎng)在參議院和眾議院全體議員面前開拆所有證明書，然后計(jì)算票數(shù)。得票最多的人，如所得票數(shù)超過(guò)所選派選舉人總數(shù)的半數(shù)，即為總統(tǒng)。如獲得此種過(guò)半數(shù)票的人不止一人，且得票相等，眾議院應(yīng)立即投票選舉其中一人為總統(tǒng)。如無(wú)人獲得過(guò)半數(shù)票；該院應(yīng)以同樣方式從名單上得票最多的五人中選舉一人為總統(tǒng)。但選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，以州為單位計(jì)票，每州代表有一票表決權(quán)；三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)，選出總統(tǒng)需要所有州的過(guò)半數(shù)票。在每種情況下，總統(tǒng)選出后，得選舉人票最多的人，即為副總統(tǒng)。但如果有兩人或兩人以上得票相等，參議院應(yīng)投票選舉其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。]
國(guó)會(huì)得確定選出選舉人的時(shí)間和選舉人投票日期，該日期在全合眾國(guó)應(yīng)為同一天。
無(wú)論何人，除生為合眾國(guó)公民或在本憲法采用時(shí)已是合眾國(guó)公民者外，不得當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)；凡年齡不滿三十五歲、在合眾國(guó)境內(nèi)居住不滿十四年者，也不得當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)。
[如遇總統(tǒng)被免職、死亡、辭職或喪失履行總統(tǒng)權(quán)力和責(zé)任的能力時(shí)，總統(tǒng)職務(wù)應(yīng)移交副總統(tǒng)。國(guó)會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定在總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)兩人被免職、死亡、辭職或喪失任職能力時(shí)，宣布應(yīng)代理總統(tǒng)的官員。該官員應(yīng)代理總統(tǒng)直到總統(tǒng)恢復(fù)任職能力或新總統(tǒng)選出為止。]⑦
總統(tǒng)在規(guī)定的時(shí)間，應(yīng)得到服務(wù)報(bào)酬，此項(xiàng)報(bào)酬在其當(dāng)選擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)不得增加或減少?？偨y(tǒng)在任期內(nèi)不得接受合眾國(guó)或任何一州的任何其他俸祿。
總統(tǒng)在開始執(zhí)行職務(wù)前，應(yīng)作如下宣誓或代誓宣言：“我莊嚴(yán)宣誓(或宣言)我一定忠實(shí)執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，竭盡全力維護(hù)、保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)合眾國(guó)憲法”。
策二款 總統(tǒng)是合眾國(guó)陸軍、海軍和征調(diào)為合眾國(guó)服役的各州民兵的總司令。他得要求每個(gè)行政部門長(zhǎng)官就他們各自職責(zé)有關(guān)的任何事項(xiàng)提出書面意見。他有權(quán)對(duì)危害合眾國(guó)的犯罪行為發(fā)布緩刑令和赦免令，但彈劾案除外。
總統(tǒng)經(jīng)咨詢參議院和取得其同意有權(quán)締結(jié)條約，但須經(jīng)出席參議員三分之二的批準(zhǔn)。他提名，并經(jīng)咨詢參議院和取得其同意，任命大使、公使和領(lǐng)事、最高法院法官和任命手續(xù)未由本憲法另行規(guī)定而應(yīng)由法律規(guī)定的合眾國(guó)所有其他官員。但國(guó)會(huì)認(rèn)為適當(dāng)時(shí)，得以法律將這類低級(jí)官員的任命權(quán)授予總統(tǒng)一人、法院或各部部長(zhǎng)。
總統(tǒng)有權(quán)委任人員填補(bǔ)在參議院休會(huì)期間可能出現(xiàn)的官員缺額，此項(xiàng)委任在參議院下期會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí)滿期。
第三款 總統(tǒng)應(yīng)不時(shí)向國(guó)會(huì)報(bào)告聯(lián)邦情況，并向國(guó)會(huì)提出他認(rèn)為必要和妥善的措施供國(guó)會(huì)審議。在非常情況下，他得召集兩院或任何一院開會(huì)。如遇兩院對(duì)休會(huì)時(shí)間有意見分歧時(shí)，他可使兩院休會(huì)到他認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間。他應(yīng)接見大使和公使。他應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)使法律切實(shí)執(zhí)行，并委任合眾國(guó)的所有官員。
第四款 總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國(guó)的所有文職官員，因叛國(guó)、賄賂或其他重罪和輕罪而受彈劾并被定罪時(shí)，應(yīng)予免職。
第 三 條
第一款 合眾國(guó)的司法權(quán)，屬于最高法院和國(guó)會(huì)不時(shí)規(guī)定和設(shè)立的下級(jí)法院。最高法院和下級(jí)法院的法官如行為端正，得繼續(xù)任職，并應(yīng)在規(guī)定的時(shí)間得到服務(wù)報(bào)酬，此項(xiàng)報(bào)酬在他們繼續(xù)任職期間不得減少。
第二款 司法權(quán)的適用范圍包括：由于本憲法、合眾國(guó)法律和根據(jù)合眾國(guó)權(quán)力已締結(jié)或?qū)⒕喗Y(jié)的條約而產(chǎn)生的一切普通法的和衡平法的案件；涉及大使、公使和領(lǐng)事的一切案件；關(guān)于海事法和海事管轄權(quán)的一切案件；合眾國(guó)為一方當(dāng)事人的訴訟；兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上州之間的訴訟；[一州和他州公民之間的訴訟；]⑧不同州公民之間的訴訟；同州公民之間對(duì)不同州讓與土地的所有權(quán)的訴訟；一州或其公民同外國(guó)或外國(guó)公民或國(guó)民之間的訴訟。
涉及大使、公使和領(lǐng)事以及一州為一方當(dāng)事人的一切案件，最高法院具有第一審管轄權(quán)。對(duì)上述所有其他案件，不論法律方面還是事實(shí)方面，最高法院具有上訴審管轄權(quán)，但須依照國(guó)會(huì)所規(guī)定的例外和規(guī)章。
除彈劾案外，一切犯罪由陪審團(tuán)審判；此種審判應(yīng)在犯罪發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行；但如犯罪不發(fā)生在任何一州之內(nèi)，審判應(yīng)在國(guó)會(huì)以法律規(guī)定的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)地點(diǎn)舉行。
第三款 對(duì)合眾國(guó)的叛國(guó)罪只限于同合眾國(guó)作戰(zhàn)，或依附其敵人，給予其敵人以幫助和鼓勵(lì)。無(wú)論何人，除根據(jù)兩個(gè)證人對(duì)同一明顯行為的作證或本人在公開法庭上的供認(rèn)，不得被定為叛國(guó)罪。
國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)宣告對(duì)叛國(guó)罪的懲罰，但因叛國(guó)罪而剝奪公民權(quán)，不得造成血統(tǒng)玷污，除非在被剝奪者在世期間，也不得沒(méi)收其財(cái)產(chǎn)。
第 四 條
第一款 每個(gè)州對(duì)于他州的公共法律、案卷和司法程序，應(yīng)給予充分信任和尊重。國(guó)會(huì)得以一般法律規(guī)定這類法律、案卷和司法程序如何證明和具有的效力。
第二款 每個(gè)州的公民享有各州公民的一切特權(quán)和豁免權(quán)。
在任何一州被控告犯有叛國(guó)罪、重罪或其他罪行的人，逃脫法網(wǎng)而在他州被尋獲時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)他所逃出之州行政當(dāng)局的要求將他交出，以便解送到對(duì)犯罪行為有管轄權(quán)的州。
[根據(jù)一州法律須在該州服勞役或勞動(dòng)的人，如逃往他州，不得因他州的法律或規(guī)章而免除此種勞役或勞動(dòng)，而應(yīng)根據(jù)有權(quán)得到此勞役或勞動(dòng)之當(dāng)事人的要求將他交出。]⑨
第三款 新州得由國(guó)會(huì)接納加入本聯(lián)邦；但不得在任何其他州的管轄范圍內(nèi)組成或建立新州；未經(jīng)有關(guān)州議會(huì)和國(guó)會(huì)的同意，也不得合并兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的州或幾個(gè)州的一部分組成新州。
國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)于屬于合眾國(guó)的領(lǐng)土或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)，有權(quán)處置和制定一切必要的條例和規(guī)章。對(duì)本憲法條文不得作有損于合眾國(guó)或任何一州的任何權(quán)利的解釋。
第四款 合眾國(guó)保證本聯(lián)邦各州實(shí)行共和政體，保護(hù)每州免遭入侵，并應(yīng)州議會(huì)或州行政長(zhǎng)官(在州議會(huì)不能召開時(shí))的請(qǐng)求平定內(nèi)亂。
第 五 條
國(guó)會(huì)在兩院三分之二議員認(rèn)為必要時(shí)，應(yīng)提出本憲法的修正案，或根據(jù)各州三分之二州議會(huì)的請(qǐng)求，召開制憲會(huì)議提出修正案。不論哪種方式提出的修正案，經(jīng)各州四分之三州議會(huì)或四分之三州制憲會(huì)議的批準(zhǔn)，即實(shí)際成為本憲法的一部分而發(fā)生效力；采用哪種批準(zhǔn)方式，得由國(guó)會(huì)提出建議。但[在一千八百零八年以前制定的修正案，不得以任何形式影響本憲法第一條第九款第一項(xiàng)和第四項(xiàng)]；⑩任何一州，不經(jīng)其同意，不得被剝奪它在參議院的平等投票權(quán)。
第 六 條
本憲法采用前訂立的一切債務(wù)和承擔(dān)的一切義務(wù)，對(duì)于實(shí)行本憲法的合眾國(guó)同邦聯(lián)時(shí)期一樣有效。
本憲法和依本憲法所制定的合眾國(guó)法律，以及根據(jù)合眾國(guó)的權(quán)力已締結(jié)或?qū)⒕喗Y(jié)的一切條約，都是全國(guó)的最高法律；每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束，即使州的憲法和法律中有與之相抵觸的內(nèi)容。
上述參議員和眾議員，各州州議會(huì)議員，以及合眾國(guó)和各州所有行政和司法官員，應(yīng)宣誓或作代誓宣言擁護(hù)本憲法；但決不得以宗教信仰作為擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)屬下任何官職或公職的必要資格。
第 七 條
經(jīng)九個(gè)州制憲會(huì)議的批準(zhǔn)，即足以使本憲法在各批準(zhǔn)州成立。本憲法于耶酥紀(jì)元一千七百八十七年，即美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)獨(dú)立后第十二年的九月十七日，經(jīng)出席各州在制憲會(huì)議上一致同意后制定。我們謹(jǐn)在此簽名作證。
主席、弗吉尼亞州代表喬治?華盛頓
新罕布什爾州
約翰?蘭登 尼古拉斯?吉爾曼
馬薩諸塞州
納撒尼爾?戈勒姆 魯弗斯?金
康涅狄格州
威廉?塞繆爾?約翰遜 羅杰?謝爾曼
紐約州
亞歷山大?漢密爾頓
新澤西州
威廉?利文斯頓 威廉?帕特森
戴維?布里爾利 喬納森?戴頓
賓夕法尼亞州
本杰明?富蘭克林 托馬斯?菲茨西蒙斯
托馬斯?米夫林 賈雷德?英格索爾
羅伯特?莫里斯 詹姆斯?威爾遜
喬治?克萊默 古?莫里斯
特拉華州
喬治?里德 理查德?巴西特
小岡寧?貝德福德
雅各布?布魯姆 約翰?迪金森
馬里蘭州
詹姆斯?麥克亨利 丹尼爾?卡羅爾
圣托馬斯?詹尼弗的丹尼爾
弗吉尼亞州
約翰?布萊爾 小詹姆斯?麥迪遜
北卡羅來(lái)納州
威廉?布朗特 休?威廉森
理查德?多布斯?斯佩特
南卡羅來(lái)納州
約翰?拉特利奇 查爾斯?平克尼
查爾斯?科茨沃斯?平克尼 皮爾斯?巴特勒
佐治亞州
威廉?費(fèi)尤 亞伯拉罕?鮑德溫
證人：威廉?杰克遜，秘書
按照原憲法第五條、由國(guó)會(huì)提出并經(jīng)各州批準(zhǔn)、增添和修改美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法的條款
第一條修正案
[前十條修正案于1789年9月25日提出，1791年12月15日批準(zhǔn)，被稱為“權(quán)利法案”。]
國(guó)會(huì)不得制定關(guān)于下列事項(xiàng)的法律：確立國(guó)教或禁止信教自由；剝奪言論自由或出版自由；或剝奪人民和平集會(huì)和向政府請(qǐng)?jiān)干煸┑臋?quán)利。
第二條修正案
管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，因此人民持有和攜帶武器的權(quán)利不得侵犯。
第三條修正案
未經(jīng)房主同意，士兵平時(shí)不得駐扎在任何住宅；除依法律規(guī)定的方式，戰(zhàn)時(shí)也不得駐扎。
第四條修正案
人民的人身、住宅、文件和財(cái)產(chǎn)不受無(wú)理搜查和扣押的權(quán)利，不得侵犯。除依據(jù)可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保證，并詳細(xì)說(shuō)明搜查地點(diǎn)和扣押的人或物，不得發(fā)出搜查和扣押狀。
第五條修正案
無(wú)論何入，除非根據(jù)大陪審團(tuán)的報(bào)告或起訴書，不受死罪或其他重罪的審判，但發(fā)生在陸、海軍中或發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時(shí)或出現(xiàn)公共危險(xiǎn)時(shí)服役的民兵中的案件除外。任何人不得因同一犯罪行為而兩次遭受生命或身體的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自證其罪；不經(jīng)正當(dāng)法律程序，不得被剝奪生命、自由或財(cái)產(chǎn)。不給予公平賠償，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)不得充作公用。
第六條修正案
在一切刑事訴訟中，被告有權(quán)由犯罪行為發(fā)生地的州和地區(qū)的公正陪審團(tuán)予以迅速和公開的審判，該地區(qū)應(yīng)事先已由法律確定；得知控告的性質(zhì)和理由；同原告證人對(duì)質(zhì)；以強(qiáng)制程序取得對(duì)其有利的證人；并取得律師幫助為其辯護(hù)。
第七條修正案
在習(xí)慣法的訴訟中，其爭(zhēng)執(zhí)價(jià)額超過(guò)二十美元，由陪審團(tuán)審判的權(quán)利應(yīng)受到保護(hù)。由陪審團(tuán)裁決的事實(shí)，合眾國(guó)的任何法院除非按照習(xí)慣法規(guī)則，不得重新審查。
第八條修正案
不得要求過(guò)多的保釋金，不得處以過(guò)重的罰金，不得施加殘酷和非常的懲罰。
第九條修正案
本憲法對(duì)某些權(quán)利的列舉，不得被解釋為否定或輕視由人民保留的其他權(quán)利。
第十條修正案
憲法未授予合眾國(guó)、也未禁止各州行使的權(quán)力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。
第十一條修正案
[1794年3月4日提出，1795年2月7日批準(zhǔn)]
合眾國(guó)的司法權(quán)，不得被解釋為適用于由他州公民或任何外國(guó)公民或國(guó)民對(duì)合眾國(guó)一州提出的或起訴的任何普通法或衡平法的訴訟。
第十二條修正案
[1803年12月9日提出，1804年7月27日批準(zhǔn)]
選舉人在各自州內(nèi)集會(huì)，投票選舉總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)，其中至少有一人不是選舉人本州的居民。選舉人須在選票上寫明被選為總統(tǒng)之人的姓名，并在另一選票上寫明校選為副總統(tǒng)之人的姓名。選舉人須將所有被選為總統(tǒng)之人和所有被選為副總統(tǒng)之人分別開列名單，寫明每人所得票數(shù)；在該名單上簽名作證，將封印后的名單送合眾國(guó)政府所在地，交參議院議長(zhǎng)收。參議院議長(zhǎng)在參議院和眾議院全體議員面前開拆所有證明書，然后計(jì)算票數(shù)。獲得總統(tǒng)選票最多的人，如所得票數(shù)超過(guò)所選派選舉人總數(shù)的半數(shù)，即為總統(tǒng)。如無(wú)人獲得這種過(guò)半數(shù)票，眾議院應(yīng)立即從被選為總統(tǒng)之人名單中得票最多的但不超過(guò)三人中間，投票選舉總統(tǒng)。但選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，以州為單位計(jì)票，每州代表有一票表決權(quán)。三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)，選出總統(tǒng)需要所有州的過(guò)半數(shù)票。[當(dāng)選舉總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移到眾議院時(shí)，如該院在次年三月四日前尚未選出總統(tǒng)，則由副總統(tǒng)代理總統(tǒng)，如同總統(tǒng)死亡或憲法規(guī)定的其他喪失任職能力的情況一樣。]⑩得副總統(tǒng)選票最多的人，如所得票數(shù)超過(guò)所選派選舉人總數(shù)的半數(shù)，即為副總統(tǒng)。如無(wú)人得過(guò)半數(shù)票，參議院應(yīng)從名單上得票最多的兩人中選舉副總統(tǒng)。選舉副總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)由參議員總數(shù)的三分之二構(gòu)成，選出副總統(tǒng)需要參議員總數(shù)的過(guò)半數(shù)票。但依憲法無(wú)資格擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)的人，也無(wú)資格擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)副總統(tǒng)。
第十三條修正案
[1865年1月31日提出，1865年12月6日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 在合眾國(guó)境內(nèi)受合眾國(guó)管轄的任何地方，奴隸制和強(qiáng)制勞役都不得存在，但作為對(duì)于依法判罪的人的犯罪的懲罰除
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第十四條修正案
[1866年6月13日提出，1868年7月9日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 所有在合眾國(guó)出生或歸化合眾國(guó)并受其管轄的人，都是合眾國(guó)的和他們居住州的公民。任何一州，都不得制定或?qū)嵤┫拗坪媳妵?guó)公民的特權(quán)或豁免權(quán)的任何法律；不經(jīng)正當(dāng)法律程序，不得剝奪任何人的生命、自由或財(cái)產(chǎn)；在州管轄范圍內(nèi)，也不得拒絕給予任何人以平等法律保護(hù)。
第二款 眾議員名額，應(yīng)按各州人口比例進(jìn)行分配，此人口數(shù)包括一州的全部人口數(shù)，但不包括未被征稅的印第安人。但在選舉合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)選舉人、國(guó)會(huì)眾議員、州行政和司法官員或州議會(huì)議員的任何選舉中，一州的[年滿二十一歲]⑩并且是合眾國(guó)公民的任何男性居民，除因參加叛亂或其他犯罪外，如其選舉權(quán)道到拒絕或受到任何方式的限制，則該州代表權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)按以上男性公民的人數(shù)同該州年滿二十一歲男性公民總?cè)藬?shù)的比例予以削減。
第三款 無(wú)論何人，凡先前曾以國(guó)會(huì)議員、或合眾國(guó)官員、或任何州議會(huì)議員、或任何州行政或司法官員的身份宣誓維護(hù)合眾國(guó)憲法，以后又對(duì)合眾國(guó)作亂或反叛，或給予合眾國(guó)敵人幫助或鼓勵(lì)，都不得擔(dān)任國(guó)會(huì)參議員或眾議員、或總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)選舉人，或擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)或任何州屬下的任何文職或軍職官員。但國(guó)會(huì)得以兩院各三分之二的票數(shù)取消此種限制。
第四款 對(duì)于法律批準(zhǔn)的合眾國(guó)公共債務(wù)，包括因支付平定作亂或反叛有功人員的年金和獎(jiǎng)金而產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)，其效力不得有所懷疑。但無(wú)論合眾國(guó)或任何一州，都不得承擔(dān)或償付因援助對(duì)合眾國(guó)的作亂或反叛而產(chǎn)生的任何債務(wù)或義務(wù)，或因喪失或解放任何奴隸而提出的任何賠償要求；所有這類債務(wù)、義務(wù)和要求，都應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是非法和無(wú)效的。
第五款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條規(guī)定。
第十五條修正案
[1869年2月26日提出，1870年2月3日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 合眾國(guó)公民的選舉權(quán)，不得因種族、膚色或以前是奴隸而被合眾國(guó)或任何一州加以拒絕或限制。
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第十六條修正案
[1909年7月12日提出，1913年2月3日批準(zhǔn)]
國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)對(duì)任何來(lái)源的收入規(guī)定和征收所得稅，無(wú)須在各州按比例進(jìn)行分配，也無(wú)須考慮任何人口普查或人口統(tǒng)計(jì)。
第十七條修正案
[1912年5月13日提出，1913年4月8日批準(zhǔn)]
合眾國(guó)參議院由每州人民選舉的兩名參議員組成，任期六年；每名參議員有一票表決權(quán)。每個(gè)州的選舉人應(yīng)具備該州州議會(huì)人數(shù)最多一院選舉人所必需的資格。
任何一州在參議院的代表出現(xiàn)缺額時(shí)，該州行政當(dāng)局應(yīng)發(fā)布選舉令，以填補(bǔ)此項(xiàng)缺額。但任何一州的議會(huì)，在人民依該議會(huì)指示舉行選舉填補(bǔ)缺額以前，得授權(quán)本州行政長(zhǎng)官任命臨時(shí)參議員。
本條修正案不得作如此解釋，以致影響在本條修正案作為憲法的一部分生效以前當(dāng)選的任何參議員的選舉或任期。
第十八條修正案
[1917年12月18日提出，1919年1月16日批準(zhǔn)]
[第一款 本條批準(zhǔn)一年后，禁止在合眾國(guó)及其管轄下的一切領(lǐng)土內(nèi)釀造、出售和運(yùn)送作為飲料的致醉酒類；禁止此類酒類輸入或輸出合眾國(guó)及其管轄下的一切領(lǐng)土。
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)和各州都有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
本條除非在國(guó)會(huì)將其提交各州之日起七年以內(nèi)，由各州議會(huì)按本憲法規(guī)定批準(zhǔn)為憲法修正案，不得發(fā)生效力。]
第十九條修正案
[1919年6月4日提出，1920年8月18日批準(zhǔn)]
合眾國(guó)公民的選舉權(quán)，不得因性別而校合眾國(guó)或任何一州加以拒絕或限制。
國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第二十條修正案
[1933年3月2日提出，1933年1月23日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的任期應(yīng)在本條未獲批準(zhǔn)前原定任期屆滿之年的一月二十日正午結(jié)束，參議員和眾議員的任期在本條未獲批準(zhǔn)前原定任期屆滿之年的一月三日正午結(jié)束，他們繼任人的任期在同時(shí)開始。
國(guó)會(huì)每年至少應(yīng)開會(huì)一次，除國(guó)會(huì)以法律另訂日期外，此會(huì)議在一月三日正午開始。
如當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)在規(guī)定總統(tǒng)任期開始的時(shí)間已經(jīng)死亡，當(dāng)選副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)成為
總統(tǒng)。如在規(guī)定總統(tǒng)任期開始的時(shí)間以前，總統(tǒng)尚未選出，或當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)不合乎資格，則當(dāng)選副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)代理總統(tǒng)直到 一名總統(tǒng)已合乎資格時(shí)為止。在當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)和當(dāng)選副總統(tǒng)都不合乎資格時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定代理總統(tǒng)之人，或宣布選出代理總統(tǒng)的辦法。此人應(yīng)代理總統(tǒng)直到一名總統(tǒng)或副總統(tǒng)合乎資格時(shí)為止。
國(guó)會(huì)得以法律對(duì)以下情況作出規(guī)定：在選舉總統(tǒng)的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)移到眾議院時(shí)，而可被該院選為總統(tǒng)的人中有人死亡；在選舉副總統(tǒng)的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)移到參議院時(shí)，而可被該院選為副總統(tǒng)的人中有人死亡。
第五款 第一款和第二款應(yīng)在本條批準(zhǔn)以后的十月十五日生效。
第六款 本條除非在其提交各州之日起七年以內(nèi)，自四分之三州議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)為憲法修正案，不得發(fā)生效力。
第二十一條修正案
[1933年2月20日提出，1933年12月5日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法修正案第十八條現(xiàn)予廢除。
在合眾國(guó)任何州、領(lǐng)地或?qū)俚貎?nèi)，凡違反當(dāng)?shù)胤蔀樵诋?dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)貨或使用而運(yùn)送或輸入致醉酒類，均予以禁止。
本條除非在國(guó)會(huì)將其提交各州之日起七年以內(nèi)，由各州制憲會(huì)議依本憲法規(guī)定批準(zhǔn)為憲法修正案，不得發(fā)生效力。
第二十二條修正案
[1947年3月24日提出，1951年2月27日批準(zhǔn)]
無(wú)論何人，當(dāng)選擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)不得超過(guò)兩次；無(wú)論何人，在他人當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)或代理總統(tǒng)兩年以上，不得當(dāng)選擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)一次以上。但本條不適用于在國(guó)會(huì)提出本條時(shí)正在擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的任何人；也不妨礙本條在一屆總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)生效時(shí)正在擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)或代理總統(tǒng)的任何人，在此屆任期結(jié)束前繼續(xù)擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)或代理總統(tǒng)。
本條除非在國(guó)會(huì)將其提交各州之日起七年以內(nèi)，由四分之三州議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)為憲法修正案，不得發(fā)生效力。
第二十三條修正案
[1960年6月16日提出，1961年3月29日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 合眾國(guó)政府所在的特區(qū)，應(yīng)依國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定方式選派：一定數(shù)目的總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)選舉人，其人數(shù)如同特區(qū)是一個(gè)州一樣，等于它在國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)擁有的參議員和眾議員人數(shù)的總和，但不得超過(guò)人口最少之州的選舉人人數(shù)。他們是在各州所選派的舉人以外增添的人，但為了選舉總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的目的，應(yīng)被視為一個(gè)州選派的選舉人；他們?cè)谔貐^(qū)集會(huì)，履行第十二條修正案所規(guī)定的職責(zé)。
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第二十四條修正案
[1962年8月27日提出，1964年1月23日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 合眾國(guó)公民在總統(tǒng)或副總統(tǒng)、總統(tǒng)或副總統(tǒng)選舉人、或國(guó)會(huì)參議員或眾議員的任何預(yù)選或其他選舉中的選舉權(quán)，不得因未交納任何人頭稅或其他稅而被合眾國(guó)或任何一州加以拒絕或限制。
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第二十五條修正案
[1965年7月6日提出，1967年2月10日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 如遇總統(tǒng)被免職、死亡或辭職，副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)成為總統(tǒng)。
第二款 凡當(dāng)副總統(tǒng)職位出缺時(shí)，總統(tǒng)應(yīng)提名一名副總統(tǒng)，經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)兩院都以過(guò)半數(shù)票批準(zhǔn)后就職。
第三款 凡當(dāng)總統(tǒng)向參議院臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)和眾議院議長(zhǎng)提交書面聲明，聲稱他不能夠履行其職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任，直至他向他們提交一份相反的聲明為止，其權(quán)力和責(zé)任應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)作為代理總統(tǒng)履行。
第四款 凡當(dāng)副總統(tǒng)和行政各部長(zhǎng)官的多數(shù)或國(guó)會(huì)以法律設(shè)立的其他機(jī)構(gòu)成員的多數(shù)，向參議院臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)和眾議院議長(zhǎng)提交書面聲明，聲稱總統(tǒng)不能夠履行總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任時(shí)，副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)立即作為代理總統(tǒng)承擔(dān)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任。
此后，當(dāng)總統(tǒng)向參議院臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)和眾議院議長(zhǎng)提交書面聲明，聲稱喪失能力的情況不存在時(shí)，他應(yīng)恢復(fù)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任， 除非副總統(tǒng)和行政各部長(zhǎng)官的多數(shù)或國(guó)會(huì)以法律設(shè)立的其它機(jī)構(gòu)成員的多數(shù)在四天之內(nèi)向參議院臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)和眾議院議長(zhǎng)提交書面聲明，聲稱總統(tǒng)不能夠履行總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任。在此種情況下，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)決定這一問(wèn)題，如在休會(huì)期間，應(yīng)為此目的在四十八小時(shí)以內(nèi)集會(huì)。如國(guó)會(huì)在收到后一書面聲明后的二十一天以內(nèi)，或如適逢休會(huì)期間，則在國(guó)會(huì)按照要求集會(huì)以后的二十一天以內(nèi)，以兩院的三分之二的票數(shù)決定總統(tǒng)不能夠履行總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任，副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)繼續(xù)作為代理總統(tǒng)履行總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任；否則總統(tǒng)應(yīng)恢復(fù)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的權(quán)力和責(zé)任。
第二十六條修正案
[1971年3月23日提出，1971年7月1日批準(zhǔn)]
第一款 年滿十八歲和十八歲以上的合眾國(guó)公民的選舉權(quán)，不得因?yàn)槟挲g而被合眾國(guó)或任何一州加以拒絕或限制。
第二款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)以適當(dāng)立法實(shí)施本條。
第二十七條修正案
[1989年9月25日提出，1992年5月7日批準(zhǔn)]
改變參議員和眾議員服務(wù)報(bào)酬的法律，在眾議員選舉舉行之前不得生效
- 相關(guān)熱點(diǎn)：
- 行業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)
- 二級(jí)建造師
