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Marx

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Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc., that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.
正如達(dá)爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)生物界的發(fā)展規(guī)模一樣，馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類歷史的發(fā)展規(guī)律，即歷來為各種思想體系所重重掩蓋著的一個(gè)簡單事實(shí)：人們首先必須有了衣食住行，然后才能從事政治、科學(xué)、藝術(shù)、宗教等活動(dòng)，所以，直接的物質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)資料的生產(chǎn)，因而一個(gè)民族和一個(gè)時(shí)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段，便構(gòu)成為基礎(chǔ)，人們的國家制度、法律規(guī)定、藝術(shù)乃至宗教觀念便是在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的，因此也就必須從這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)出發(fā)來加以說明，而不是像過去那樣本末倒置。