BY THE end of the 19th century, the first age of globalisation and a spate of new inventions had transformed the world economy. But the Gilded Age" was also a famously unequal one, with America's robber barons and Europe's "Downton Abbey" classes amassing huge wealth: the concept of "conspicuous consumption" dates back to 1899. The rising gap between rich and poor (and the fear of socialist revolution) spawned a wave of reforms, from Theodore Roosevelt's trust-busting to Lloyd George's People's Budget. Governments promoted competition, introduced progressive taxation and wove the first threads of a social safety net. The aim of this new "Progressive era", as it was known in America, was to make society fairer without reducing its entrepreneurial vim.