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之前我們提到了背景導(dǎo)入句如果已經(jīng)將題干“充分導(dǎo)入”進(jìn)作文中的話,則無需繼續(xù)進(jìn)行背景描述,但若沒有做到這一點(diǎn),我們則需要繼續(xù)“導(dǎo)入”,這時(shí)候我們一般會使用2種方式,第一種是直接給出一個(gè)第三方觀點(diǎn),或者也叫做甲方乙方的觀點(diǎn);另外一種方式則是通過“因果關(guān)系”繼續(xù)發(fā)展背景導(dǎo)入句,使其充分將題干引入。我們先來將上篇中使用的2個(gè)考題的引言段補(bǔ)寫完整:

It is truethat our tiny individual actions often seem insignificant compared to the scaleand complexity of global environmental problems such as pollution,deforestation and depletion of natural resources. But that does not relieveour duty as individuals to do as much as we can to deal with these problems.

第一個(gè)考題由于背景導(dǎo)入句已經(jīng)將題干充分導(dǎo)入到作文中,所以我們在它之后直接寫了一個(gè)主題句來結(jié)束引言段的全部內(nèi)容。而我們再來看看另外一個(gè)考題的完整開頭:

Theconstruction of new sports facilities are definitely needed in an environmentwhere people's health is in a declining state. However, there are those whobelieve that the way to improving people's health should lie in other measuresthat governments have to come up with to get people to live more healthily.

我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在第一個(gè)背景導(dǎo)入句寫完以后,作者又增加了一個(gè)“觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句”,即某些人的立場。由于他并沒有想在開頭段就表明自己的立場,因此引言段就“缺省”了主題句,但是看完這個(gè)引言段后我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它的語言組織還是很流暢的。以下我們再一起來看一個(gè)例子:

Newspapershave become an enormous influence on people’s ideas and opinions. Why is thisthe case? Is it a desirable or undesirable situation?

從這個(gè)題干中,我們可以提取的名詞為newspaper; media等,經(jīng)過一定的擴(kuò)展,可以寫出下面的背景導(dǎo)入句:

In almostevery modern society, newspapers have been playing an essential role in shaping people’s thoughts on a wide range of issues and are always regarded as an indispensable source of information.


在這個(gè)導(dǎo)入句里,我們分別使用了2個(gè)主謂賓的簡單句組合成了一個(gè)并列句,第一個(gè)句子從主語的“影響/作用”入手;而第二個(gè)句子則使用“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”作為意思的切入方法。再加上了狀語等修飾成分的擴(kuò)展,從而寫出了以上這個(gè)背景導(dǎo)入句。從效果來說,這個(gè)句子的意思已經(jīng)將題干的內(nèi)容充分引入到了文章里,因此,我們只需要在這個(gè)句子后直接給出自己的觀點(diǎn)或主題即可:

In myopinion, this complex phenomenon can be boiled down to several key factors, andboth its positive and negative aspects need to be analyzed thoroughly.

接著我們來說觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句的寫法,一般來說,構(gòu)成它的主要句式為賓語從句和同位語從句,而它和背景導(dǎo)入句之間的邏輯關(guān)系可以是因果關(guān)系,也可以是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。換句話說,若這個(gè)第三方觀點(diǎn)的意思是順著之前的背景導(dǎo)入句的,則用因果連詞;倘若與前面的背景導(dǎo)入句的意思相反或不一致,則需使用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。

此外,在寫觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句時(shí)我們還需注意幾點(diǎn):一是觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句表示的是甲方或乙方的觀點(diǎn),因此在主語的選擇上不能太絕對,不能出現(xiàn)“all the people; most people”等詞;第二是觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句一般只需要寫一個(gè)即可,不要同時(shí)將所有觀點(diǎn)都導(dǎo)入進(jìn)你的作文,否則可能會使文章觀點(diǎn)不清晰和“臃腫”。第三點(diǎn)是觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句的寫作目的是為了簡化后面的主題句,因此,當(dāng)你寫完一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句后,主題句通常只需要對其表達(dá)贊同或反對即可,而無需重新再把立場講一遍。最后一點(diǎn)要注意的是觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句是可寫可不寫的。下面我們來看一個(gè)例子:

Somepeople argue that the technology such as mobile phone (cell phone) destroyssocial interaction. Do you agree or disagree?

Technologicaladvances in the past decades have changed the lifestyles around the world andspawned new products such as mobile phone, the Internet, to name just a few. However,some people argue that social interaction has been influenced and evendestroyed by those latest technologies. Personally, I strongly oppose this statement.

在這個(gè)引言段中,由于第一個(gè)背景導(dǎo)入句從意思上來說是“好的,積極的”,若順著其意思繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去應(yīng)該是講“好的”影響,而作者給出的第三方觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容其實(shí)是與其相反的,因此,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句和前面的背景導(dǎo)入句之間就是一個(gè)“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系。而由于已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)立場,最后作者只需要對其表態(tài)即可。這樣的一個(gè)引言段,從寫作流程來講是非常實(shí)用的,因此考生一定要掌握其寫作思路。

最后,筆者再來說一下主題句的寫法,其實(shí)這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)已經(jīng)比較容易了,我們只要記住常用的幾種主題句的句型即可。一般來說,跟在觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)入句后的主題句我們都用簡單句來寫,只需要表達(dá)贊同或者反對的態(tài)度;而跟在背景導(dǎo)入句后的主題句,我們則可以使用賓語從句,表語從句等名詞性從句來寫,如:I agree that...; My view is that...等。