英語四六級(jí)、專四專八、考研英語教學(xué)教研專家 廖懷寶（查看主頁>>）

華東師范大學(xué)碩士，主攻英語教學(xué)法方向。十幾年來，先后在大學(xué)和各知名外語培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)教，教授大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)、專四專八、考研英語、中高級(jí)口譯、托福雅思等課程，積累了豐富的英語教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法，幫助大量學(xué)生順利通過了考試，同時(shí)又培養(yǎng)了一大批青年骨干英語教師隊(duì)伍。

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以下為廖懷寶老師為大家分享的英語四級(jí)寫作方法。

一、 大綱解讀

(一) 具體要求
全國大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)2007年出版的《大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試大綱(2006修訂版)》(以下簡稱《大綱》)對(duì)寫作的具體要求是：寫作選用考生所熟悉的題材；考生根據(jù)規(guī)定的題目和所提供的提綱、情景、圖片或圖表等，寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文；要求思想表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、意義連貫、無嚴(yán)重語法錯(cuò)誤；考試時(shí)間為30分鐘。

(二) 評(píng)分原則
CET作文采用總體評(píng)分法(Global Marking)，主要從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。語言和內(nèi)容是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體，內(nèi)容上，作文應(yīng)切題，充分表達(dá)思想；語言上，作文應(yīng)使用清楚而準(zhǔn)確的語言。

(三) 考核內(nèi)容
考綱中規(guī)定寫作部分考核的技能包括：①思想表達(dá)：表達(dá)中心思想；表達(dá)重要或特定信息；表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度等。②篇章組織：圍繞所給的題目敘述、議論或描述，突出重點(diǎn)；連貫的組句成段，組段成篇。③語言運(yùn)用：運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯；運(yùn)用正確的語法；運(yùn)用合適的句子結(jié)構(gòu)；使用正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；運(yùn)用銜接手段表達(dá)句間關(guān)系(如對(duì)比、原因、結(jié)果、程度、目的等)。④寫作格式：運(yùn)用正確的符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的寫作格式。

(四) 常考體裁
縱觀近10年的大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試，中文提綱式作文占70%左右，其他題型涉及圖表作文、應(yīng)用文(寫信為主)。目前，四級(jí)作文題型還是主要考中文提綱式作文，圖片作文至今沒考過。

二、 寫作方法

(一) 如何開篇

(1) 現(xiàn)象入題：以介紹某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或熱點(diǎn)引出文章主題。例如：
As the pace of life continues to increase, we’re facing more stress than ever before.
Recently, the problem of piracy has become the focus of public concern.
It is indeed the case that the problem of waste on campus is becoming increasingly serious.

(2) 觀點(diǎn)入題：以某一種觀點(diǎn)或以兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)引出文章主題。例如：
There arises a controversial topic as to whether it is necessary for a college student to take CET6. Views on the issue in question vary widely. Quite a few students think it unnecessary to take CET6. They hold this view because CET6 is not compulsory and they can get a degree so long as they pass CET4. However, I think it necessary and beneficial to take CET6. The reasons for this can be addressed as follows.
Although some people claim that information technology will make people less creative, I believe that whether the Internet will enhance or impair people’s creativity depends totally on how they use it.

(3) 釋圖開頭：對(duì)考題給定的圖表進(jìn)行描述，引出文章主題。例如：
The chart shows a rapid increase in the average number of hours a student spent on a computer per week in a university between 1990 and 2000. In 1990, a student spent only about 2 hours a week on a computer while in 1995 this figure rose to 4 hours. In 2000, however, the average number of hours spent by a student soared to 20 hours.

(4) 引用開頭：利用名人名言或諺語引出文章主題。例如：
“Honesty is the best policy”, as an old English saying goes. Being a lofty virtue, it is supposed to be cherished by people from all walks of life. However, there are a lot of cases of dishonesty in a wide range of circles in our daily life. In business, for instance, some world famous corporations have committed some immoral blunders and cheated their employees and stockholders. In political circle, some officials abuse their power to get illegal money. And at college, some dishonest students cheat on exams for higher scores. All these have brought about a negative effect on social morality.

(二) 如何展開

(1) 列舉法：把所要包含的寫作內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)羅列起來，逐一論述。列舉不要過三，多了就顯得啰嗦，且容易出錯(cuò)。以下是不同層次的連接詞：
firstly, first of all, to begin with, ...
also, besides, meanwhile, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, ...
finally, last but not least, ...

(2) 舉例法：在段落中,作者運(yùn)用實(shí)際的例子來證明自己觀點(diǎn)的方法。舉例不要過二，多了有故意增加字?jǐn)?shù)的嫌疑。常用于舉例的過渡詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)有：
for example, for instance
such (as)
A case in point is ...
Another good example is that ...

(3) 因果法：通過分析原因和結(jié)果來進(jìn)行論證。常用于因果法的詞(組):
cause, raise, trigger, ignite, fuel, spark, inflame, incur, provoke, evoke, generate, ...
arise from, stem from, derive from, result from, lie in, be attributed to, ...
lead to, contribute to, bring about, result in, ...
because of, owing to, due to, on account of, thanks to, ...
as a result, for this reason, therefore, hence, so, consequently, accordingly, ...

(4) 對(duì)比法：包括比較(comparison)和對(duì)照(contrast)。比較是指出兩個(gè)人或事物的相同點(diǎn)，對(duì)照是指出兩個(gè)人或事物的不同點(diǎn)。常用于對(duì)比的詞(組)和結(jié)構(gòu)：
likewise, similarly, in the same way, ...
be similar to, be identical to, be the same as, ...
however, on the contrary, on the other hand, by contrast, ...
conversely, unfortunately, unluckily, unhappily, ...
be different in that ...
while, whereas, but, ...

(三) 如何結(jié)尾

(1) 發(fā)表看法:表明自己的態(tài)度和看法。常用的詞(組)和結(jié)構(gòu)：
in my opinion, to my mind, ...
as far as I’m concerned, ... / It is my viewpoint that ...

(2) 得出結(jié)論：得出作者的結(jié)論，再現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的主題。常用詞(組)和結(jié)構(gòu)：
to sum up, to conclude, to say it briefly, in a word, in short, in conclusion, ...
It may be concluded that ... / It may be learned from the above that ...
(3) 提出建議：提出建議和打算。常用的詞(組)和結(jié)構(gòu)：
It is, therefore, suggested that, ...
I suggest that ...

三、 高分絕招

(一) 插入成分
使用插入成分，增加語言的地道性。
To enlarge one’s vocabulary, I believe, is not the most important for improving writing ability.
There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting.
In China, however, students get financial support mostly from their parents.
The bridge between people, though invisible, plays an important role in our life.
Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
The unclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel.

(二) 名言諺語
引用名言諺語，既能論述觀點(diǎn)又能增加篇幅。
As a good saying goes, “a good beginning makes a good ending.”
Just as an ancient Chinese proverb says, “to err is human.”
It is quite often said that a friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
Just as a famous educator says, “we learn not at school, but in life.”
To sum up, honesty is a virtue, which is valuable both in our daily life and in the ever-changing modern world. As Benjamin Franklin put it, “Honesty is the best policy.”

(三) 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
多用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，力顯英語特點(diǎn)。
It is generally accepted that production highly correlates to consumption.
It can never be denied that men enjoy superiority over women in such fields as job-hunting, product-developing.
Greater importance should be attached to agricultural development.
More emphasis should be laid on maritime industry.

(四) 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
適當(dāng)使用倒裝，可以增加句型的多樣性。
Only through much extensive reading can we achieve good results in reading comprehension.
So enormous are the differences between dialects that even people from neighboring areas have great trouble understanding each other.

(五) 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)
使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，既突出主句又增加篇幅。
Although the article is very useful and informative, it is much too academic for the average reader.
Whatever happens to the Google share price, the firm’s innovation is a glorious thing.
When he graduate from university, he is determined to pursue his own business.
While much is known about what occurs during sleep, the precise function of sleep and its different stages remains largely in the realm of assumption.

(六) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)
使用并列結(jié)構(gòu)，既能突出句型變化又能起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。
It is generally accepted that production decides consumption and that consumption stimulates production.
Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible and economical source of power and that it is therefore essential of an industrially developing society.
Some people are learning the laws not only to abide by them but also to take advantage of them.
Most of these books stress the “how to” aspects of journalistic interviewing rathter than the conceptual aspects of the interview.

四、 應(yīng)試建議

(1) 多背質(zhì)量高的范文，在訓(xùn)練中多模仿使用自己容易掌握的詞(組)、句型、修辭等。
(2) 看到題目先審題，花點(diǎn)時(shí)間想想整體怎么行文安排。實(shí)行新題型后，寫作放在第一道題。通常在發(fā)下答題卡到考試正式開始還有幾分鐘，足以用來打打腹稿。想好了以后一氣呵成。
(3) 注意書寫工整，不要亂涂亂改，給判卷人一個(gè)好印象。

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