【題目】

We need fifteen more people______our team to do the job.
A. besides ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. except for
C. except that ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. except

【答案】A

疑問(wèn)

這道題目的意思是“除了我們的隊(duì)伍之外,我們需要十五個(gè)人來(lái)做這個(gè)工作?!泵總€(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“除了......”的意思,為什么只能選besides,而不能選其他的選項(xiàng)呢?表示“除了......”的這些介詞到底怎么區(qū)分呢?

解析

一、besides 意為“除了……,(還,也)”,表示的是追加關(guān)系,整體中包括了“除了”的部分。

1. Five other representatives arrived late besides me.

?除了我還有五位代表來(lái)晚了。(晚到的代表中包括“我”)

2. Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him.

除他妻子外,他女兒也去看過(guò)他。

二、except 意為“除了……,(其余的都)”,用于同類之間。表示的是剔除的關(guān)系,整體中不包括“除了”的部分,except 除了后面接名詞、代詞外,還可接介詞短語(yǔ)或從句。常與“all,every,no,none,nothing”等含有整體肯定或否定意義的詞連用。

1. All the other five representatives arrived late except me.

除了我,其他的五位代表都來(lái)晚了。(晚到的代表中不包括“我”)

2. I know nothing about it except what he told me.

除他告訴我的情況外,我對(duì)此事一無(wú)所知。

3. My papers seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be.

我的文件似乎完全不在它們應(yīng)該放置的地方。

三、Except that后面跟從句,語(yǔ)意與上同。如:

He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days.

除了在過(guò)去幾天里有些頭痛之外,他身體一直很好。

四、except for 表示的是,在整體上給以定論后,再?gòu)木植可霞右孕拚?,用于不同類的。與except 不同的是:except 所“排除”的部分與前面所述整體詞屬于同類,是部分與整體的關(guān)系;而except for 所“排除”的部分與前面所述的整體詞往往不是同類。如:

1. Your essay is well written except for one or two minor grammatical mistakes.

你的作文除了一兩處小的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤外,寫得很好。(“作文”與“語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤”不是同類事物)

2. except for:它的賓語(yǔ)與前述對(duì)象完全是兩回事。例如:

The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.

這個(gè)房間很陰冷,而且除了杰克,完全是空蕩蕩的。

若用于句首,則except for 與except 同義(但except 通常不用于句首,另外but也不能用于句首):

3. Except for me, everyone passed the exam.

除了我之外,大家都通過(guò)了考試。

五、but與except的用法基本相同并?;Q使用,但but多與no, nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anything, who等詞連用,but所引出的事物常是句子的重心,強(qiáng)調(diào)“不在其中”。如:

1.?They are all from the countryside but / except John.

除了約翰外,他們都來(lái)自鄉(xiāng)下。

2. I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.

除了報(bào)紙,我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)他讀過(guò)別的東西。

當(dāng)but / except后面跟不定式時(shí),如果but / except前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do或do的其他形式,后面的不定式符號(hào)要省略。如:

3. In winter the bear does nothing but lie down and sleep.

冬天,熊除了躺下睡覺(jué)什么也不干。

4. It had no effect except to make him angry.

除了惹他生氣外,沒(méi)產(chǎn)生任何效果。

六、but for 否定復(fù)合介詞,用在名詞前構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),意思是“要不是”,等于without。句子中只要有but for,該句子必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

1. But for your help (if you had not helped us)we should not have finished in time.

要不是你的幫助,我們就不會(huì)及時(shí)完成。

2. But for the rain (= If it had not rained) we should have had a pleasant journey.

要不是下雨,我們就會(huì)有一個(gè)愉快的旅途的。

七、apart from在不同的上下文中,在同類或不同類都能用。既有besides的含義,又有except和except for的含義,要根據(jù)上下文來(lái)判別。如:

1. Apart from English, he has a good command of Russian and French.

除英語(yǔ)外,他還精通俄語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)。(= besides)

2. He has no interests, apart from his work.

他除了自己的工作外,沒(méi)什么興趣愛(ài)好。(= except )

3. It’s a good paper, apart from a few spelling mistakes.

這是一篇好論文,只是有幾處拼寫錯(cuò)誤。(= except for)

八、aside from 類似于apart from的用法。

1. 除…之外

Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance.

除了遠(yuǎn)處偶爾有汽車的聲響外, 四周一片寂靜。

2. 既…又…

I didn't accept the job because it was badly paid and aside from that, it wasn't very interesting.

我沒(méi)接受這個(gè)工作, 因?yàn)楣べY既少, 又非常乏味。

九、in addition to 含義與besides一樣。

They provide a free breakfast in addition to a bed.

除了提供床位外,他們還提供免費(fèi)早餐。

十、unless 是“除非”的意思,接從句,如:

My boss can't fire me unless he can prove me unsuitable for the job.

除非我的老板能證明我不適合這份工作,否則他不能炒了我。