劍橋雅思7-第四套試題-閱讀部分-Passage 2-閱讀真題原文部分：

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2below.

Endless Harvest

More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands' native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the ‘Great Land'; today, we know it as Alaska.

The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska - cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.

According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaska's commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska's fisheries, however, is salmon. ‘Salmon,' notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.' The ‘predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish,' and ‘dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.' All five species of Pacific salmon - chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback - spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over US260 million.

Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

* spawners: fish that have released eggs

** spawn: release eggs

The primary reason for such increases is what is known as ‘In-Season Abundance-Based Management'. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries - to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.

In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.

Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSC's final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated.

The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ni?o / la ni?a phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes.

In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards.

*** MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national

Questions 14-20

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands ‘Aleyska’.
15 Alaska's fisheries are owned by some of the world's largest companies.
16 Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.
17 Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon.
18 More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.
19 Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.
20 During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.

Questions 21-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

21 In Alaska, biologists keep a check on adult fish
22 Biologists have the authority
23 In-Season Abundance-Based Management has allowed the Alaska salmon fisheries
24 The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) was established
25 As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in 1999, the state decided
26 In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon companies

A to recognise fisheries that care for the environment.
B to be successful.
C to stop fish from spawning.
D to set up environmental protection laws.
E to stop people fishing for sport.
F to label their products using the MSC logo.
G to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.
H to assist the subsistence communities in the region.
I to freeze a huge number of salmon eggs.
J to deny certification to the Alaska fisheries.
K to close down all fisheries.

READING PASSAGE 2 真題解析

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁：說(shuō)明文
主題：可持續(xù)性漁業(yè)

結(jié)構(gòu)：
第一段：阿拉斯加的由來(lái)。
第二段：阿拉斯加水資源豐富使得漁業(yè)繁榮。
第三段：詳細(xì)描述阿拉斯加繁榮的大馬哈魚(yú)漁業(yè)資源。
第四段：阿拉斯加曾經(jīng)的過(guò)度捕撈及采取的措施。
第五段：過(guò)度捕撈后大馬哈魚(yú)數(shù)量回升的原因。
第六段：介紹管理漁業(yè)的認(rèn)證組織MSC。
第七段：在MSC進(jìn)行認(rèn)證的最后階段發(fā)生了大馬哈魚(yú)危機(jī)。
第八段：危機(jī)原因分析及阿拉斯加政府采取的措施。
第九段：阿拉斯加大馬哈魚(yú)漁業(yè)獲得MSC認(rèn)證。

必背詞匯

第一段
explorer n. 探險(xiǎn)者 Pacific n. 太平洋
volcanic adj. 火山的 land mass n. 大陸塊
archipelago n. 群島，多島海 inhabitant n. 居民，居住者

第二段
mainland n. 大陸，本土 shellfish n. 貝，甲殼類動(dòng)物
combine v. (使)結(jié)合，(使)聯(lián)合 crustacean n. 甲殼類動(dòng)物
coastline n. 海岸線 mollusc n. 軟體動(dòng)物
feed v. 喂，飼養(yǎng)；靠……為生 bounty n. 慷慨，寬大，恩惠
nutrient-rich adj. 富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的，滋養(yǎng)的 fishery n. 漁場(chǎng)；漁業(yè)

第三段
according to prep. 按照，根據(jù) nourishment n. 滋養(yǎng)品，養(yǎng)料，營(yíng)養(yǎng)
commercial adj. 商業(yè)的 predictable adj. 可預(yù)知的
herring n. 鯡魚(yú) abundance n. 豐富，充裕
groundfish n. 底棲魚(yú)，底層魚(yú)(指生活于海底的魚(yú)，如鱈魚(yú)等) flourish v. 繁榮，茂盛，活躍 spawn v. 產(chǎn)卵
cod n. 鱈魚(yú) ultimately adv. 最后，最終
sole n. 鰨魚(yú) chinook n. 奇努克大馬哈魚(yú)
perch n. 鱸魚(yú)；棲息；位于 chum n. 馬蘇大馬哈魚(yú)
pollock n. 青鱈 coho n. 銀大馬哈魚(yú)
salmon n. 鮭，大馬哈魚(yú) sockeye n. 紅大馬哈魚(yú)，紅鮭
pump v. 灌注；抽水；打氣；盤(pán)問(wèn) humpback n. 駝背；座頭鯨；小鮭魚(yú)
rhythmic adj. 有韻律的；和諧的 exceed vt. 超過(guò)，勝過(guò)
circulating adj. 流通的，循環(huán)的 ex-vessel adj. 離船的

第四段
overfishing n. 過(guò)度捕撈 sustainable adj. 可持續(xù)的；養(yǎng)得起的；可以忍受的
crash n. 崩潰，破產(chǎn)，垮臺(tái)
severe adj. 劇烈的，嚴(yán)重的，嚴(yán)峻的，嚴(yán)格的 basis n. 基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)
statewide adj. 全州范圍的
declare v. 宣布，聲明；申報(bào) total v. 總計(jì)；達(dá)到
federal adj. 聯(lián)邦的 decade n. 十年
onset n. 攻擊，進(jìn)攻 average adj. 平均的；通常的
statehood n. 州的狀態(tài)或地位 annual adj. 每年的，年度的
take over v. 接管，接任 in excess of 超過(guò)
constitution n. 組織；憲法；體格 occasion n. 場(chǎng)合；機(jī)會(huì)；理由
mandate v. 命令；委任統(tǒng)治

第五段
primary adj. 主要的；初期的；根本的 approximate adj. 大約的，近似的
biologist n. 生物學(xué)家 particular adj. 特別的，獨(dú)有的；挑剔的
throughout prep. 遍及，貫穿 halt n. 停止；休息
constantly adv. 不斷地，經(jīng)常地 mechanism n. 機(jī)制；機(jī)構(gòu)；原理
monitor v. 監(jiān)視，監(jiān)聽(tīng)，監(jiān)督 stock n. 儲(chǔ)備；血統(tǒng)；股份
streamside n. 河濱，河邊地帶 accordingly adv. 因此，于是；相應(yīng)地
sonar n. 魚(yú)群探測(cè)器；聲納 prosper v. 興隆，成功，使……昌盛
aeroplane n. 飛機(jī) threaten v. 威脅
fisherman n. 漁夫 endanger v. 危及
pre-set adj. 預(yù)設(shè)的

第六段
marine adj. 海的，海生的；船舶的，航海的 indentified adj. 經(jīng)鑒定的
approach n. 途徑，方法
council n. 理事會(huì)，委員會(huì) undergo v. 遭受，經(jīng)歷；忍受
commission n. 委任狀；傭金 certification n. 證明，保證，鑒定
certify v. 證明，保證 appoint v. 任命，指定；約定(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn))
enable v. 使……能夠 committee n. 委員會(huì)
label n. 標(biāo)簽；商標(biāo) compose vt. 組成，構(gòu)成
recognise v. 承認(rèn)，識(shí)別，認(rèn)可 official n. 官員adj. 官方的，正式的
criteria n. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) representative n. 代表；眾議員；典型
potential adj. 可能的，潛在的

第七段
lead up to 作為……的先導(dǎo) region n. 地區(qū)，地域，地帶
collapse v. 倒塌，崩潰，瓦解 priority n. 優(yōu)先權(quán)；優(yōu)先順序；優(yōu)先
subsistence n. 生存，生活 devastate v. 毀壞
community n. 社區(qū)；團(tuán)體；(生物)群落

第八段
crisis n. 緊要關(guān)頭，危機(jī) prompt vt. 激起，促進(jìn)，推動(dòng)
unexpected adj. 想不到的，意外的 culminate v. 達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)或高潮；以……告終
contend v. 爭(zhēng)論，辯論；斗爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng) harsh adj. 粗糙的；刺耳的；嚴(yán)厲的
climatic adj. 氣候的 frozen adj. 冰凍的
shift n. 變化；移動(dòng)；接班 as far as 至于；遠(yuǎn)到

第九段
announce v. 發(fā)表，通告，正式宣布 permission n. 同意，許可，允許
qualified adj. 有資格的 initial adj. 開(kāi)始的，最初的；字首的
grant v. 允許，同意, 承認(rèn)

難句解析

1. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.
參考譯文：阿拉斯加的商業(yè)漁業(yè)充分利用了大自然的饋贈(zèng)，已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為世界上規(guī)模最大的漁業(yè)聚集地之一。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)：
(1) take advantage of sth.: to use a particular situation to do or get what you want
I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.
You'll want to take full advantage of the beachfront clubs.
(2) commercial
adj. related to business, the buying and selling of goods and services
Our top priorities must be profit and commercial growth.
n. an advertisement on television or radio
a soap powder commercial

2. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.
參考譯文：1940到1959年間，過(guò)度捕撈使得大馬哈魚(yú)的數(shù)量急劇減少，1953年，阿拉斯加成為“聯(lián)邦受災(zāi)漁區(qū)”。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)：
(1) lead to: to cause something to happen
A degree in English could lead to a career in journalism.
(2) so... (that)...
He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.
Everything happened so quickly I hadn't time to think.

3. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
參考譯文：在可持續(xù)捕撈政策的管理下，接下來(lái)的幾十年里，大馬哈魚(yú)的產(chǎn)量平穩(wěn)上升。20世紀(jì)90年代，大馬哈魚(yú)的年產(chǎn)量超過(guò)1億條，個(gè)別年份甚至超過(guò)了2億條。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)：
(1) as a result of sth.: in consequence of something
As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled
(2) in excess of sth.: more than a particular amount
The car reached speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour.

4. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing.
參考譯文：漁民們知道一年中政府允許捕撈的大概時(shí)間段。但是在某些特定的日子，某個(gè)地區(qū)的一個(gè)或多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的生物學(xué)家有權(quán)要求停止捕魚(yú)活動(dòng)。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)：
(1) approximate: close to the exact number, amount etc. , but could be a little bit more or less than it These percentages are only approximate.
(2) put / call a halt to: to stop an activity from continuing
I urge those responsible to call a halt to the violence.

5. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries.
參考譯文：這場(chǎng)危機(jī)完全出乎人們的意料，但研究人員相信這并不是漁業(yè)發(fā)展引起的。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)：
(1) have nothing to do with: not involved or connected
He said that he had nothing to do with the decision.
That had nothing to do with you.

試題解析

Questions 14-20

?題目類型：TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

?題目解析：

14. The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands“Aleyska”.
參考譯文：阿留申群島的居民將他們的島名改為“Aleyska”。
定位詞：inhabitants, Aleutian islands, Aleyska
解題關(guān)鍵字：renamed
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：
第一段末句，The islands’native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the“GreatLand”;...
此題定位詞均在文章第一段以原詞出現(xiàn)。其含義為“島上居民稱此島為Aleyska”，而題中關(guān)鍵詞為重命名(renamed)，與文章不符，故此題答案為FALSE。

15. Alaska's fisheries are owned by some of the world's largest companies.
參考譯文：阿拉斯加的漁場(chǎng)屬于一些世界上最大的公司。
定位詞：Alaska’s fisheries, largest companies
解題關(guān)鍵字：owned by
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：
第二段末句，Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries havedeveloped into some of the largest in the world.
此題通過(guò)定位詞可以快速定位。文中定位句指出，阿拉斯加的一些商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)發(fā)展成為世界上最大的。題目中所提到的“漁場(chǎng)為最大的公司所擁有”在文中并未提及，所以此題答案為NOT GIVEN。

16. Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.
參考譯文：阿拉斯加的生活依賴于大馬哈魚(yú)。
定位詞：life, salmon
解題關(guān)鍵字：dependent on
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：
第三段中間，‘Salmon, ’notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska NatureFactbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, ...’
通過(guò)題中定位詞可定位于首次出現(xiàn)salmon的第三段。定位處運(yùn)用比喻的手法說(shuō)明大馬哈魚(yú)對(duì)于阿拉斯加意義重大，就像流過(guò)心臟的血液一樣，這與題目中的dependent on(依賴于)對(duì)應(yīng)，故此題答案為T(mén)RUE。

17. Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon.
參考譯文：被捕撈的太平洋大馬哈魚(yú)有90％是紅大馬哈魚(yú)或粉大馬哈魚(yú)。
定位詞：ninety per cent, Pacific salmon
解題關(guān)鍵字：sockeye or pink salmon
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：
第三段后半部分，All five species of Pacific salmon—chinook, or king；chum, or dog；coho, or silver；sockeye, or red；and pink, or humpback—spawn in Alaskanwaters, and 90％ of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in NorthAmerica are produced there.
此題定位詞均在文中以原詞出現(xiàn)，定位句介紹了在阿拉斯加水域產(chǎn)卵的五種太平洋大馬哈魚(yú)，并指出被捕撈的太平洋大馬哈魚(yú)有90％都產(chǎn)自此水域。而題目卻將產(chǎn)自此水域的五種魚(yú)等同為一種，是典型的“由文到題范圍縮小型”，故此題答案為NOT GIVEN。

18. More than 320, 000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.
參考譯文：在2000年，超過(guò)32萬(wàn)噸大馬哈魚(yú)在阿拉斯加被捕撈。
定位詞：Alaska, in 2000
解題關(guān)鍵字：more than 320, 000
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：
第三段末句，During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded320, 000 tonnes, ...
根據(jù)順序原則可迅速定位此題，且定位句和題目?jī)?nèi)容一致，文章中的exceeded與題目中的more than屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故此題答案為T(mén)RUE。

19. Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.
參考譯文：在1940到1959年間，阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚(yú)總量急劇下降。
定位詞：Between 1940 and 1959，Alaska's salmon population
解題關(guān)鍵字：sharp decrease
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第四段第二句，Between 1940 and 1959，overfishing led to crashes in salmon populationsso severe that...
定位詞均以原詞出現(xiàn)，定位句指出，在1940到1959年間，過(guò)度捕撈導(dǎo)致大馬哈魚(yú)總量大跌，這與題目完全一致。文章中的crashes與題目中的sharp decrease屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故此題答案為T(mén)RUE。

20. During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.
參考譯文：在20世紀(jì)90年代，大馬哈魚(yú)的年捕撈量平均為1億。
定位詞：1990s, average number
解題關(guān)鍵字：100 million
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第四段末句，..., during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
根據(jù)年代可迅速定位于第四段末句，定位句指出年捕撈量超過(guò)(inexcess of)1億，還有些年份為2億，而題目則說(shuō)平均為1億，故此題答案為FALSE。

Questions 21-26

?題目類型：Sentence Completion
?解題方法：
1. 此題為配對(duì)形式的完成句子題，考生應(yīng)首先利用題干信息回原文進(jìn)行定位，然后分析選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行解題。
2. 此類題目的題干一般遵循順序原則，可利用此原則簡(jiǎn)化定位過(guò)程。?

21題
定位詞：biologists, adult fish
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第五段第二句，There are biologiststhroughout the stateconstantly monitoringadult fish as theyshow up to spawn.
題目解析：此題定位較易，但解題較難。由定位句可知生物學(xué)家從成年魚(yú)類開(kāi)始產(chǎn)卵時(shí)對(duì)其進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，但是并未直接指出其目的，考生只能通過(guò)理解該段上下文分析得出：生物學(xué)家的監(jiān)控是“當(dāng)季捕撈盈余為本”管理方法的一部分，而這項(xiàng)管理帶來(lái)了魚(yú)量的增加，從而得出生物學(xué)家的目的是監(jiān)控魚(yú)量是否充足(abundance)。通過(guò)掃描選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，只有G選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞能與之對(duì)應(yīng)：to ensure that fish numbers aresufficient(對(duì)應(yīng)abundance)to permit fishing。故正確答案為G。

22題
定位詞：authority
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第五段中間，..., but on any givenday, one or more fieldbiologists in aparticular area can puta halt to fishing.
題目解析：此題定位較難，考生應(yīng)使用排除法，最后解決這道題。定位句指出生物學(xué)家可以制止(halt)捕魚(yú)行為。通過(guò)掃描選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，只有E選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞能與之對(duì)應(yīng)：tostop(對(duì)應(yīng)halt)people fishing for sport。故正確答案為E。

23題
定位詞：allowed
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第五段末句，It is this managementmechanism that hasallowed Alaska salmonstocks...to prosper,...
題目解析：此題按照順序原則可迅速定位，定位句指出該項(xiàng)管理手段使得阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚(yú)漁業(yè)開(kāi)始繁榮(prosper)。通過(guò)掃描選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，只有B選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞能與之對(duì)應(yīng)：tobe successful(對(duì)應(yīng)prosper)。故正確答案為B。

24題
定位詞：MSC, established
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第六段第二句，The Council, whichwas found in 1996, certifies fisheries thatmeet highenvironmentalstandards, ...
題目解析：要定位此題，必須先辨識(shí)出established在文中的同義轉(zhuǎn)述was found，定位句指出MSC會(huì)認(rèn)證滿足高環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的漁場(chǎng)；通過(guò)掃描選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，只有A選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞能與之對(duì)應(yīng)：to recognise(對(duì)應(yīng)certifies)fisheries that care for theenvironment(對(duì)應(yīng)meet high environmentalstandards)。故正確答案為A。

25題
定位詞：the state
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第八段末句，However, the statereacted quickly, closingdown all fisheries, ...
題目解析：通過(guò)題干主語(yǔ)可快速定位，通過(guò)掃描定位句和剩余選項(xiàng)可以很快看出K選項(xiàng)“toclose down all fisheries”與原文幾乎完全一致。故正確答案為K。

26題
定位詞：seven Alaska salmon
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)：第九段第二句，Seven companiesproducing Alaskasalmon wereimmediately grantedpermission to displaythe MSC logo ontheir products.
題目解析：此題定位句指出題目中提到的7家公司被授權(quán)可以在自己的產(chǎn)品上使用MSC的標(biāo)志。通過(guò)掃描選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞及剩余選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)F選項(xiàng)“to label(對(duì)應(yīng)display)theirproducts using the MSC logo'’幾乎與原文一致。故正確答案為F。

參考譯文

無(wú)盡的豐收

兩百多年前，俄羅斯探險(xiǎn)者和皮毛狩獵者抵達(dá)阿留申群島(位于北太平洋的一個(gè)火山群島)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了位于北部遠(yuǎn)方的一塊大陸。島上的原住民把這塊大陸稱為阿留斯卡，意為“偉大的土地”。如今，我們叫它阿拉斯加。

1959年，阿拉斯加加入美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)，成為美國(guó)的第49個(gè)州，其面積相當(dāng)于美國(guó)其他48個(gè)州總面積的五分之一。它與加拿大共用北美大陸第二長(zhǎng)水系，擁有美國(guó)一半以上的海岸線。多條河流注入白令海峽和阿拉斯加灣——冰冷而富含養(yǎng)分的水域是成千上萬(wàn)海鳥(niǎo)賴以生存的家園。此外，這片水域中還生活著400多種魚(yú)類、貝類，蝦蟹和軟體動(dòng)物。阿拉斯加的商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)充分利用了大自然的饋贈(zèng)，已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為世界上規(guī)模最大的漁業(yè)聚集地之一。

據(jù)阿拉斯加漁業(yè)與捕撈局稱，在2000年，阿拉斯加商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)出產(chǎn)了成百上千噸的貝類和鯡魚(yú)，還有一百多萬(wàn)噸底棲魚(yú)(包括鱈魚(yú)、鰨魚(yú)、鱸魚(yú)和青鱈)。阿拉斯加漁業(yè)真正的文化心臟和靈魂卻是大馬哈魚(yú)。隨筆作家蘇珊?尤因在她的著作《偉大的阿拉斯加自然概況》一書(shū)中指出，大馬哈魚(yú)從阿拉斯加游過(guò)，就像血液流經(jīng)心臟一樣，為這片土地、動(dòng)物和人們帶來(lái)獨(dú)具韻律、循環(huán)通暢的給養(yǎng)?？深A(yù)見(jiàn)的豐富的大馬哈魚(yú)產(chǎn)量使本土文化得以繁榮發(fā)展，垂死的產(chǎn)卵魚(yú)為熊、鷹和其他動(dòng)物提供食物，最終為這片土地提供養(yǎng)料。5種太平洋大馬哈魚(yú)都在阿拉斯加水域產(chǎn)卵：奇努克大馬哈魚(yú)(王鮭)、馬蘇大馬哈魚(yú)(狗鮭)、銀大馬哈魚(yú)(銀鮭)、紅大馬哈魚(yú)(紅鮭)、粉大馬哈魚(yú)(駝背大馬哈魚(yú))。北美90％的商業(yè)太平洋大馬哈魚(yú)都產(chǎn)自阿拉斯加。如果阿拉斯加是一個(gè)獨(dú)立國(guó)家的話，它將是全世界最大的野生大馬哈魚(yú)產(chǎn)地。2000年，阿拉斯加商業(yè)大馬哈魚(yú)產(chǎn)量超過(guò)320, 000噸，船邊交易額超過(guò)2. 6億美元。

然而，捕魚(yú)業(yè)并非一直這么風(fēng)調(diào)雨順。1940到1959年間，過(guò)度捕撈使得大馬哈魚(yú)的數(shù)量急劇減少，1953年，阿拉斯加成為“聯(lián)邦受災(zāi)漁區(qū)”。不過(guò)，州政府通過(guò)抗?fàn)帄Z回了漁業(yè)自主管理權(quán)，在州法院的指導(dǎo)下開(kāi)展?jié)O業(yè)活動(dòng)。而州法院負(fù)責(zé)確保阿拉斯加的自然資源在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)利用。那時(shí)候，全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的大馬哈魚(yú)產(chǎn)量大約為2500萬(wàn)條。在可持續(xù)捕撈政策的管理下，接下來(lái)的幾十年里，大馬哈魚(yú)的產(chǎn)量平穩(wěn)上升。20世紀(jì)90年代，大馬哈魚(yú)的年產(chǎn)量超過(guò)1億條，個(gè)別年份甚至超過(guò)了2億條。

產(chǎn)量提高的首要原因是實(shí)施了被稱作“當(dāng)季捕撈盈余為本”的管理方法。全州范圍內(nèi)的生物學(xué)家負(fù)責(zé)持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)將要產(chǎn)卵的成年大馬哈魚(yú)。生物學(xué)家們坐在河濱的觀測(cè)計(jì)算塔里，研究聲納系統(tǒng)，從飛機(jī)上進(jìn)行觀察，并與漁民交談。大馬哈魚(yú)捕撈季節(jié)不是預(yù)先設(shè)定好的某一時(shí)刻。漁民們知道一年中政府允許捕撈的大概時(shí)間段。但是在某些特定的日子，某個(gè)地區(qū)的一個(gè)或多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的生物學(xué)家有權(quán)要求停止捕魚(yú)活動(dòng)。甚至連體育比賽性的釣魚(yú)活動(dòng)也會(huì)被禁止。正是這樣的管理機(jī)制使得阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚(yú)儲(chǔ)量得到保證，并使阿拉斯加的捕魚(yú)業(yè)得以持續(xù)發(fā)展。而同時(shí)，美國(guó)其他地區(qū)的大馬哈魚(yú)數(shù)量卻日益令人擔(dān)憂，處在備受威脅、甚至是危險(xiǎn)的狀態(tài)中。

1999年，海洋管理委員會(huì)(MSC)授權(quán)審查阿拉斯加大馬哈魚(yú)捕撈業(yè)。該委員會(huì)成立于1996年，它為符合高環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的漁業(yè)發(fā)放證明，允許他們使用標(biāo)簽，表明他們知道自己肩負(fù)的環(huán)保責(zé)任。海洋管理委員會(huì)設(shè)定了一套評(píng)定商業(yè)捕魚(yú)業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。漁業(yè)公司認(rèn)識(shí)到通過(guò)環(huán)保負(fù)責(zé)評(píng)定所帶來(lái)的潛在利益后，紛紛要求該委員會(huì)為自己做相關(guān)評(píng)定。于是，海洋管理委員建立了一個(gè)專門(mén)的評(píng)定委員會(huì)，組建專門(mén)的漁業(yè)專家小組，從漁民、生物學(xué)家、政府官員、產(chǎn)業(yè)代表和非政府組織等人士那里收集相關(guān)信息和觀點(diǎn)。

在海洋管理委員會(huì)做最后決定的那幾個(gè)月里，西阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚(yú)魚(yú)群全線崩潰。于是，一些觀察家認(rèn)為，阿拉斯加大馬哈魚(yú)漁業(yè)不會(huì)有任何獲得官方機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)證的機(jī)會(huì)了。在育空河和卡斯科奎姆河流域，奇努克大馬哈魚(yú)和馬蘇大馬哈魚(yú)幾乎處于建州以來(lái)最貧瘠的狀態(tài)。該地區(qū)對(duì)商業(yè)捕魚(yú)擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)此束手無(wú)策。

這場(chǎng)危機(jī)完全出乎人們的意料，但研究人員相信這并不是漁業(yè)發(fā)展引起的。相反，他們辯稱這必定是氣候變化的結(jié)果，是太平洋氣候現(xiàn)象厄爾尼諾和拉尼娜持續(xù)作用的后果。這些氣候現(xiàn)象造成冬天的酷寒，結(jié)果大量大馬哈魚(yú)的卵在冰冷的海水里被凍死。海洋管理委員會(huì)的評(píng)定也似乎走到了盡頭。然而，阿拉斯加州迅速做出反應(yīng)，關(guān)閉所有漁場(chǎng)，甚至包括那些為了研究可持續(xù)發(fā)展的漁場(chǎng)。

2000年9月，海洋管理委員會(huì)宣布阿拉斯加大馬哈魚(yú)漁業(yè)通過(guò)了資格審查。7家生產(chǎn)阿拉斯加大馬哈魚(yú)的漁業(yè)公司立即獲準(zhǔn)在產(chǎn)品上使用海洋管理委員會(huì)專用徽標(biāo)。該證明的起始期限為5年，之后每年進(jìn)行一次評(píng)定，以確保漁業(yè)公司仍然符合規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。