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The Patriot Act and the Bioterrorism Preparedness Act were passed in 2001 and 2002. These laws in part cover research on pathogens and toxins thought to have potential as bioweapons.
The Bush administration increased funding for research on such toxins and pathogens—but the laws added a great many ___1___ for such research, and restricted who could work with the microbes. Scientists at Carnegie Mellon recently ___2___ the impact of the laws on research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
They checked out work with anthrax bacteria, the ebola virus, along with a control, Klebsiella bacteria. The researchers did find an increase in the total number of papers published. But before the laws, 17 anthrax papers appeared per million dollars of funding. ___3___, only three papers appeared per million dollars of funding. For ebola, the numbers dropped from 14 to six papers per million dollars. Figures for the control remained the same.
The ___4___: the study authors say that research on anthrax and ebola has not been seriously ___5___. But it has been made significantly less efficient.
procedural steps evaluated With the restrictions bottom line inhibited
美國分別在2001年和2002年通過了《愛國者法案》和《生物反恐法》。這兩項(xiàng)法案有部分內(nèi)容涉及可能被用于制造生化武器的病原體、毒素方面的研究。 雖然布什政府在該生化研究領(lǐng)域加大了資金投入,不過這兩項(xiàng)法案讓此類研究不得不經(jīng)過很多法定程序才得以進(jìn)行,而且,法案中對(duì)研究細(xì)菌的人員也有限制??突?梅隆大學(xué)的科學(xué)家在《美國國家科學(xué)院院刊》上對(duì)這兩項(xiàng)法案所產(chǎn)生的影響發(fā)表了評(píng)價(jià)。 科學(xué)家們搜集了炭疽桿菌和埃博拉病毒方面的研究論文,并同樣搜集了克雷柏氏桿菌方面的文章作為對(duì)照。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)此類生化研究論文的總量確實(shí)有所增長。在上述兩項(xiàng)法案出臺(tái)之前,每100萬美元研究資金的投入,可以有17篇炭疽桿菌方面的研究論文問世,但此后由于受到法律限制,同樣是投入100萬美金,可憐只有寥寥3篇作品。而在埃博拉病毒研究方面,100萬美元的投入,成果也從原來的14篇驟減到6篇。但對(duì)照組中,克雷柏氏桿菌的研究論文數(shù)量在法案頒布前后并無差異。 研究結(jié)果:炭疽桿菌、埃博拉病毒的研究雖然并沒有受到嚴(yán)格約束,但研究效率卻大打折扣。