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Threats Drive Cultural Norms
“威脅”之下的社會(huì)文明

Do you come from a country that has, let’s say, a history of environmental disasters or conquests? Then your culture is probably “tight”—it has strong social norms and doesn’t tolerate much deviance from those norms. And your society is probably autocratic with few political and civil liberties. Or, a happier history probably led to your culture being “l(fā)oose,” with more rights and openness. So says a study in the journal Science. [Michele Gelfand et al, Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study]
你的國(guó)家是否有過一段生態(tài)災(zāi)害或者被侵略的歷史？那么你所接受的的文明很可能就 是一種“繃緊”的文明——有力的社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則，不能容忍許多脫離準(zhǔn)則的行為。而你所處的社會(huì)也可能是少數(shù)政黨專制的社會(huì)，不能享受許多公民權(quán)利。或者稍微“歡 樂”一點(diǎn)的歷史又會(huì)讓它的文明變得“寬松”且更加開放，公民也能享受更多的權(quán)利。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》期刊上。[Michele Gelfand et al, Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study]

Researchers surveyed almost 7,000 people in 33 countries. They asked respondents to scale the truth of statements such, “In this country, if someone acts in an inappropriate way, others will strongly disapprove.” Participants also rated the acceptability of activities such as kissing in public.
研究人員對(duì)33個(gè)國(guó)家近7千人進(jìn)行調(diào)查。他們要求調(diào)查對(duì)象對(duì)一些言論的真實(shí)度進(jìn)行評(píng)估，比如說“你所處的國(guó)家中，如果有人行為不當(dāng)，其他人會(huì)強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。”受試者同時(shí)也需為一些行為比如說公眾場(chǎng)合接吻的可接受度做出評(píng)判。

Then the researchers correlated those answers with current and historical data about ecological and societal threats, population density, even the prevalence of diseases. They found that the more stresses a society has faced—whether ecological or human-made—the more likely that culture is to be a tight one.
接著，研究人員將這些答案與現(xiàn)下和歷史上的生態(tài)社會(huì)威脅、人口密度，甚至是流行疾病的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)社會(huì)所面對(duì)的壓力越大，不管是天災(zāi)還是人禍，這個(gè)社會(huì)所形成的文化越為“繃緊”。

The scientists say that its threat history could explain why a given culture finds others to be alien or immoral. And that appreciating the roots of cultural differences could improve international communication.
科學(xué)家們表示這種受到威脅的歷史可以解釋為什么一種已知的文明會(huì)認(rèn)定其他文明為異文明，邪惡的文明。所以，學(xué)會(huì)欣賞文化根源的差異才能更好的促進(jìn)各種族的文化交流。

—Cynthia Graber

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