For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us--or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones--but only as far as they went.

Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.

From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life.?"Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."

Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order．Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls．The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended．

But all that’s changin9．At research centers in the U．S．，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0—or away from--risky behavior how they form a protective buffer(減震器)against family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms--or blows--over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism．

From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults．Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy’s girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter—gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation．“Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，”says Conger．But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us．

1．The beginning of the passage indicates that
　　A．researchers have found out what shapes us．?
　　B．our peer is the last factor influencing us．
　　C．what researchers found contributes in a limited way．
　　D．what researchers found is good and trustworthy．

2．In the third paragraph, the author tries to demonstrate that our siblings
　　A．offer us much useful information．?
　　B．have great influences on us．
　　C．a(chǎn)re the ones who love us completely．
　　D．a(chǎn)ccompany us throughout our life．

3．In scientific community, previous research on siblings
　　A．mostly focused on the sibling order．?
　　B．studied the characteristics of the kids．
　　C．studied the matter in a broad sense．
　　D．wasn’t believable and the discussion ended．

4．Which of the following is NOT sibling dynamic?
　　A．A brother cautions his sister against getting into trouble．
　　B．Sisters have quarrels with each other．
　　C．Siblings compete for parental favoritism．
　　D．Older kids in a family try hard to achieve．

5．From the last paragraph，we can conclude that
　　A．managers learned management skills from the family playroom．
　　B．spouses learned negotiation skills from their siblings．
　　C．studies on siblings are under the way。
　　D．studies on siblings need thorough investigation．