IV．Viking and Danish invasions
北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵

1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元867年時(shí)的基督教中心。到9世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。

2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
阿爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn)

Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和東部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒。

He founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."
他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以"英國海軍之父"聞名于世。他改組了"弗立德"（撒克遜軍隊(duì)），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于"阿爾弗雷德大王"的稱號。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)
諾曼征服（公元1066年）

1．Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。

It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據(jù)說，愛德華國王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。所以威廉領(lǐng)軍入侵了英格蘭。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德的軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。同年圣誕節(jié)，威廉加冕為英格蘭國王，開始了英國的諾曼統(tǒng)治時(shí)期。

2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分封給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度得以在英國完全建立。他開放了英國與歐洲大陸的聯(lián)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)；引進(jìn)了諾曼-法國文化、語言、風(fēng)俗和建筑。教會與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會法庭與世俗法庭分離。

3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。