在考研英語的五大題型中,任何一個(gè)題型都有大量的長難句,短則30個(gè)單詞,長則50個(gè)單詞,攻克這些長難句是必須的,也就是考察我們的語法能力。下面是小編給大家整理的考研英語長難句學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,大家可以作為學(xué)習(xí)的參考。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

一、考點(diǎn)概述

省略結(jié)構(gòu)在考研英語中的考查主要體現(xiàn)在句子的理解層面,主要分為兩類:一類是借助于其他詞語的省略,如使用助動(dòng)詞代替前文出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞,使用代詞代替提到過的名詞;另一類直接省略,如略去上下文的重合部分,通常是主語(和/或)謂語。

二、要點(diǎn)精析

省略結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握要求是:

1.快速識(shí)別句子省略的內(nèi)容;

2.補(bǔ)全句子省略的內(nèi)容。常見的省略現(xiàn)象會(huì)出現(xiàn)在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中、狀語從句中、名詞性從句中和定語從句中。

(1)并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略

在并列句中,后面的分句往往省略和上文重合的部分。

例:

I think you’ll win the race; indeed we all think so.

我認(rèn)為你一定會(huì)贏得這場比賽,事實(shí)上我們都這樣想。(so=you’ll win the race)

(2)狀語從句中的省略

在when/while/if/as if/though(although)/as/until/whether等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,若謂語是be,主語是it或與主句的主語相同時(shí),則通常連同be動(dòng)詞一起被省略。

例:

If (it is) necessary, we can give you another chance.

如果必要的話,我們可以再給你一次機(jī)會(huì)。

(3)名詞性從句中的省略

常見的是使用不定式在主動(dòng)表達(dá)中省略動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者,在被動(dòng)表達(dá)中省略助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等。

例:

She will go to Beijing, but I don’t know how (she will go to Beijing).

她將去北京但我不知道她怎么去。

(4)定語從句中的省略

定語從句中也常使用不定式作為省略的手段;當(dāng)用as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),常省略系動(dòng)詞。

例1:

All tests require a potential candidate with whom (the tests) to compare DNA.

所有的測試都需要一個(gè)潛在的對象,從而可以將DNA與其比較。

例2:

He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.

他給出的答案和以前一樣。

三、試題舉例

However , it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough . (05,完型)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】insensitive,adj. 感覺遲鈍的;expose,vt. 使曝光、揭露、顯示

【參考翻譯】然而我們卻發(fā)現(xiàn),即使某些人開始時(shí)對某種氣味不敏感,如果經(jīng)常接觸這種氣味,也會(huì)對它敏感起來。

比較句型結(jié)構(gòu)

一、理論常識(shí)

比較結(jié)構(gòu)

1. no/not ... other than

2. the 比較級……,the 比較級……

3. rather ... than ...

4. more than / no more than

5. less than / no less than

6. more A than B / no more A than B

7. less A than B / no less A than B

8. nothing else than

9. as much as

10. not as ... as ...

11. not so much ... as ...

二、試題舉例

They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment . (2006,50)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】reflection,n. 反射、沉思;involve,n. 涉及、包含

【參考翻譯】他們可能擅長教書,而且不僅僅專注于賺錢,但是這些人大部分對涉及人類道德判斷的問題很少或沒有進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的思考。

否定句型結(jié)構(gòu)

一、理論常識(shí)

1. 部分否定

Not both of them are my brothers .

Both of them are not my brothers .

All is not gold that glitters .

2. 雙重否定

雙重否定分為三種:

肯定型:

There are no roses without thorns .

強(qiáng)調(diào)型:

I just can’t do nothing .

委婉型:

I can’t hardly read your hand writing .

3. 幾乎否定

She is barely right .

I seldom got any sleep last night .

Few people can understand why he did it .

二、試題舉例

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】methodology,n. 方法論;refer to 參考、涉及、指的是; branch,n. 分支 v. 分支、出現(xiàn)分歧

【參考翻譯】所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史研究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)

一、理論常識(shí)

強(qiáng)調(diào)主要有兩種形式:

1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語:

Eg1 : I love you . —> I do love you . —> I did love you .

Eg2 : Cell phone / Internet / computer brings us convenience .—> Cell phone / Internet / computer does bring us convenience .

2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式:

It is / was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分 +that / who + 句子其他成分。

【步驟】

a. 先寫出正確的簡單句、并列句或復(fù)合句,明確單句的各個(gè)成分。

b. 在被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分(除謂語和補(bǔ)語外)兩邊添加it is / was 和that / who, 其他成分不變,必要時(shí)調(diào)整順序。

【強(qiáng)調(diào)句式特征】去掉it is / was ... that / who結(jié)構(gòu),整個(gè)句子無冗余或成分殘缺。

Eg1 : My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .

—> It is my mother who / that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .

—> It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart .

二、試題舉例

Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】couple with 與……相結(jié)合;maximize,v. 取……最大值、達(dá)到最大值

【參考翻譯】因此,在美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中,個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合,一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造,以及資源如何被用來制造它們。

插入句型

一、理論常識(shí)

插入結(jié)構(gòu)表示說話人的態(tài)度和看法,解釋或者說明整個(gè)句子,去掉之后句子仍然完整。插入結(jié)構(gòu)的成分可以是副詞、形容詞短語、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語或者主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。在這就不一一論述了。但值得注意的是插入語的翻譯,有些插入語,尤其是位于句首的插入語,可保持原文中的詞序。然而,在許多情況下,需要對英語原文句子的順序作必要的調(diào)整,使譯文符合漢語習(xí)慣。

二、試題舉例

But , for a small group of students , professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills , all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not .

【參考翻譯】但是,對一小部分學(xué)生來說,專業(yè)訓(xùn)練也是條可取的路徑。因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩叵嗤那闆r下,技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。

倒裝句型

一、理論常識(shí)

倒裝句的幾種形式

1. 以here , there ,then , now , next引出的倒裝句。

Here comes the special guest of the party .

There seem to be many beautiful girls in the university .

2. 以表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語引出的倒裝句。

At the school gate stood an old woman .

Under the tree are sitting some students .

On the bed lay a big teddy bear .

注意:主語為代詞是不用倒裝。

3. 以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句。

Off went the horse .

Down fell a dozen apples .

4. 否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首。

Never have I seen such a good teacher .

Not a moment did he waste on campus .

By no means should she be left alone .

Under no circumstances will I believe you .

5. only置于句首。

Only in this way can we make a difference .

6. as / though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

Rich as he is , he spends a cent on charity .

Try as / though he does , he never seems able to get a high score in the exams .

7. 在虛擬條件句中,連詞if省略時(shí),即將were , had , should等詞提到句首。

Were I you , I would take this chance .

Should he come tomorrow , he would help us to settle the problem .

二、試題舉例

Odd though it sounds , cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics , and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】plausible,adj. 貌似可信的;consequence,n. 結(jié)果、推論;astrophysicist,n. 天體物理學(xué)家

【參考翻譯】盡管它聽起來很奇怪,宇宙膨脹說是在基礎(chǔ)粒子物理學(xué)中的一些公認(rèn)的觀點(diǎn)在科學(xué)上貌似可信的推論,并且很多天體物理學(xué)家在近十年中已經(jīng)相信這種理論是真實(shí)的。

并列句型

一、理論常識(shí)

由并列連詞連接、含有兩個(gè)或更多主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句。

表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系的并列連詞

1. but

2. yet 但是;盡管如此

3. while 而,但是,可是,卻

表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞

1. for 因?yàn)?/p>

2. so 因此

表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞

or

表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞

1. and 和,同,與,又,并且

2. not only ... but also ... 不僅……而且

3. neither ... nor ... 既不……也不

4. both ... and ... 既……又

其他并列連詞

1. not ... but ... 不是……而是

2. rather than 而不是;與其……寧愿

3. when 正當(dāng)那時(shí),相當(dāng)于and at that time

二、試題舉例

例句1:

In the American economy , the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights , including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】embrace,v. 擁抱、包含 n. 擁抱;productive,adj. 生產(chǎn)(性)的;contract,n. 合同 v. 訂約

【參考翻譯】在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)中,私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán),也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利,如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。

例句2:

In addition , the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】estimate,vi. 估計(jì)、估價(jià) vt. 估計(jì)、評價(jià) n. 估計(jì)、判斷;patent,n. 專利權(quán) vt. 授予專利

【參考翻譯】另外,有的公司用來鑒定關(guān)系的計(jì)算機(jī)程序或許已經(jīng)申請了專利保護(hù),并不接受同行評審或外界的評估。

同位語從句

一、理論常識(shí)

同位語從句是對其前面的抽象名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明,被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系。同位語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)一定是先行詞加引導(dǎo)詞加上從句的構(gòu)成,that并不是唯一可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,whether , why , who . 從句一定要具有完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu),主謂賓都必須齊全,引導(dǎo)詞不充當(dāng)任何成分。

常見先行詞:

belief , fact , hope , idea , doubt , news , rumor , conclusion , evidence ,suggestion , problem , order , answer , decision , discovery , explanation , information , knowledge , law , opinion , truth , promise , report , thought , statement , rule , possibility .

二、試題舉例

例句1:

Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them . (2010,46)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】distinctly,adv. 明顯地;eat up 吃光、耗盡

【參考翻譯】科學(xué)家急忙用一些明顯站不住腳的證據(jù)去營救,證據(jù)內(nèi)容是如果鳥類不能控制昆蟲的話,他們會(huì)把我們吃光。

例句2:

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media . (2007,48)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】profoundly,adv. 深刻地;rest on 依靠、信賴

【參考翻譯】但是新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀羁痰睦斫夥?,這種觀點(diǎn)基/依賴于新聞媒體對慣例和特殊責(zé)任的理解。

例句3:

Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states , large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】sovereign,n. 君主、獨(dú)立國 adj. 有主權(quán)的;viable,adj. 可行的;integrate,v. (使……)成整體 adj. 整合的

【參考翻譯】他們普遍認(rèn)為新生的國家是擁有主權(quán)和完全獨(dú)立的國家,大到經(jīng)濟(jì)上可運(yùn)行良好,并由一套共同法律讓各個(gè)新的獨(dú)立國家聯(lián)合起來。

定語從句

一、理論常識(shí)

在復(fù)合句中作定語,修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。

結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)系詞(分為關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞)+從句

關(guān)系代詞(that , who , which , whose , as)

關(guān)系副詞(when , where , why , how)

定語從句分為限制性定語從句及非限制定語從句,限定從直接放在先行詞后,非限定從與先行詞之間要加逗號(hào)。

二、試題舉例

例句1:

The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】deprive sb. of sth. 剝奪某人某物;silt,n. 淤泥 v. (使)淤塞

【參考翻譯】例如,阿斯旺大壩阻止了尼羅河的洪水侵襲,但是也奪去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---這一切換來的卻是一個(gè)巨大的病態(tài)的水庫,這個(gè)水庫積滿了淤泥,以至于幾乎不能發(fā)電了。

例句2:

The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical approach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (2012,49)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】empirical,adj. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的;result from 由……造成;cognitive,adj. 認(rèn)知的

【參考翻譯】第二個(gè)為此做出努力的人是約書亞,他采用經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的方法來研究普遍性,確認(rèn)多種語言(尤其是語序方面的)共同特征,這些特征被認(rèn)為是體現(xiàn)了由于認(rèn)知局限性而帶來的偏見。

例句3:

His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision . (2006,47)

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】analogous,adj. 類似的;reveal,vt. 揭露;reason,n. 理由 v. 推論

【參考翻譯】他的職責(zé)類似于法官的職責(zé),后者必須承擔(dān)起這樣的責(zé)任:用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程。

狀語從句

一、理論常識(shí)

狀語從句,屬于副詞性從句,簡單說就是從句在句子中擔(dān)任狀語,分為時(shí)間、目的、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、讓步、比較、結(jié)果、原因9種狀語從句。

時(shí)間引導(dǎo)詞:

when , after , before , while , until , till , since , as soon as , everytime , the moment等

地點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)詞:where , wherever等

原因引導(dǎo)詞:because , since=now that , as等

條件引導(dǎo)詞:

if , whether , unless , as long as ,on condition that , providing that等

結(jié)果引導(dǎo)詞:so / such ... that , so等

目的引導(dǎo)詞:in order that , so that等

讓步引導(dǎo)詞:

though , although , however , whatever=no matter what even if , even though , as (倒裝) 等

方式引導(dǎo)詞:as , as if等

比較引導(dǎo)詞:

than , as ... as , the more ... , the more ... 等

二、試題舉例

例句1:

While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role , informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】transmit,vt. 傳輸、傳播 vi. 傳輸、發(fā)射信號(hào);(in)formal,adj. (非)正式的

【參考翻譯】盡管正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程是由挑選出來擔(dān)當(dāng)此角色的教師來進(jìn)行的,非正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程卻是作為孩子成長的自然一部分而完成的。

例句2:

While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others , and thus lead to conflict , it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable , although competition is .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】territory,n. 領(lǐng)土、版圖;expense,n. 代價(jià)、損失 vt. 向……收取費(fèi)用;inevitable,adj. 不可避免的

【參考翻譯】雖然這種競爭會(huì)引發(fā)以他人利益為代價(jià)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張行動(dòng),因此也會(huì)引發(fā)沖突,但卻不能認(rèn)為類似于戰(zhàn)爭的國家間的沖突不可避免,盡管競爭是不可避免的。

例句3:

While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed , this need not always be the case .

【重點(diǎn)詞匯解析】favor,vt. 喜歡、贊成 n. 喜愛

【參考翻譯】盡管迄今為止互聯(lián)網(wǎng)似乎更加青睞國際社會(huì)中的發(fā)達(dá)領(lǐng)域,而非不太發(fā)達(dá)的領(lǐng)域,情形并不總是如此。

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