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01 筷子

筷子(chopsticks)是中國(guó)古人發(fā)明的一種具有鮮明民族特色的進(jìn)食工具(tableware)，是反映中國(guó)飲食文化特色的重要組成部分。

中國(guó)人使用筷子的歷史可追溯到商代，距今已有三千多年。

筷子可謂是中國(guó)國(guó)粹，既輕巧又靈活，在世界各國(guó)餐具中獨(dú)樹一幟，被西方人譽(yù)為“東方的文明”。

凡是使用過筷子的人，不論中國(guó)人或是外國(guó)人，都因其使用方便、物美價(jià)廉而贊嘆不絕。

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參考翻譯

Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture.

The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than3,000 years ago.

Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as "Eastern Civilization" by the westerners.

All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality, and reasonable price.

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02 瓷器

原文（一）

瓷器(porcelain)是一種由精選的瓷土(porcelain clay)或瓷石(pottery stone)、通過工藝流程制成的物件。

盡管瓷器由陶器（pottery)發(fā)展而來，然而它們?cè)谠?、?glaze)、燒制溫度方面都是不同的。

比起陶器，瓷器質(zhì)地更堅(jiān)硬，器身更通透，光澤也更好。

瓷器在英語里叫做china,因?yàn)榈谝患善骶褪窃谥袊?guó)制造的。

瓷器促進(jìn)了中國(guó)和外部世界之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流，并深刻地影響著其他國(guó)家的傳統(tǒng)文化和生活方式。

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參考翻譯

Porcelain is a material made from well-chosen porcelain clay or pottery stone through technological processes.

Although porcelain is developed from pottery, the two are different in raw material, glaze and firing temperature.

Compared with pottery, porcelain has a tougher texture, a more transparent body, and finer luster.

It is called china in English because it was first made in China.

Porcelain promotes economic and cultural exchanges between China and the outside world, and also profoundly influences the traditional culture and lifestyle of other countries.

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難點(diǎn)講解

（1）瓷器是一種由精選的瓷土或瓷石，通過工藝流程制成的物件。

解析：“精選的”可譯為well-chosen，這種well+形容詞的構(gòu)詞法還有：well-formed(身材苗條的；結(jié)構(gòu)良好的）、well-trained (訓(xùn)練有素的）、well-built(體型勻稱的）；

“工藝流程”可譯為technological processes; “制成”可譯為be made from, from表示不可以看出原材料。同義詞組be made of, of表示看得出原材料。

（2）盡管瓷器由陶器發(fā)展而來，然而它們?cè)谠稀⒂?、燒制溫度方面都是不同的。比起陶器，瓷器質(zhì)地更堅(jiān)硬，器身更通透，光澤也更好。

解析：“由...發(fā)展而來”可用develop from表示；“原料”可用raw material表示；

raw意為“生的；未加工的”，還可構(gòu)成詞組：raw water(生水）、raw coal(原煤）、raw data(原始數(shù)據(jù)）；

“質(zhì)地更堅(jiān)硬”即“更堅(jiān)硬的質(zhì)地”，可譯為tougher texture; “器身更透明”即“更透明的器身”，可譯為transparent body。

（3）瓷器促進(jìn)了中國(guó)和外部世界之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流，并深刻影響著其他國(guó)家的傳統(tǒng)文化和生活方式。

解析：該句有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，即promotes和influences，用and連接。

“經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流”可譯為economic and cultural exchanges。

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原文（二）

唐朝時(shí)期，人們就在昌南建造窯坊(kiln)，燒制出一種青白瓷(bluish white porcelain)。

青白瓷色彩晶瑩，有“人造玉器”的美稱，因而遠(yuǎn)近聞名，并大量出口歐洲。

當(dāng)時(shí)，歐洲人還不會(huì)制造瓷器，因此中國(guó)特別是昌南鎮(zhèn)的瓷器很受歡迎。

在歐洲，昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器是備受珍愛的貴重物品，人們以能獲得一件昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器為榮。

因此，歐洲人就以“昌南”作為瓷器和生產(chǎn)瓷器的“中國(guó)”的代稱。

久而久之，歐洲人就把昌南的本意忘卻了，只記得它是“瓷器”，即“中國(guó)”了。

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參考翻譯

In the Tang Dynasty, people started to build kilns to make bluish-white porcelain in Changnan.

The bluish-white porcelain was glittering and had the reputation of artificial jade, so it became famous home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large amounts.

At that time, Europeans were not able to make porcelain, so porcelain from China, especially from Changnan, was warmly welcomed.

In Europe, porcelain from Changnan was a luxurious article cherished by everyone, and obtaining even one piece of it would make people feel very proud.

In this way, Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china (porcelain) and the place of its production, China.

Gradually, Europeans forgot the original meaning of Changnan，only remembering it is “china”，namely “China”.

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難點(diǎn)講解

（1）燒制出一種青白瓷:可譯為make bluish white porcelain，燒制可譯為 make，“青白色的”可譯為bluish white。

（2）色彩晶螢:可譯為glittering,意為“閃閃發(fā)光的”。

（3）遠(yuǎn)近聞名:可譯為befamous home and abroad。

（4）以…為榮:即beproud of，文中譯為…make people feel proud。

（5）久而久之:理解為“逐漸地”，可用gradually來表達(dá)。

（6）只記得它是瓷器:根據(jù)前后句，本句可譯為only remembering it is “china”, 用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語來表達(dá)。

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03 扇子

原文

在中國(guó)，扇子的使用始于數(shù)千年前。

扇子是由許多不同的材料制成的。

漢、唐期間，農(nóng)業(yè)有了發(fā)展，絲綢和緞面(satin)扇子開始出現(xiàn)，并在文人雅士 (scholars and artists)中成為了一種時(shí)尚。他們通過在扇面上書寫和繪畫來展示自己的才能。

扇子很快獲得了非常大的社會(huì)意義。

它們成為了有學(xué)問的人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夏季著裝的一部分。

中國(guó)制作的扇子多種多樣。

它們?nèi)缃褚琅f享有盛譽(yù)。

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參考翻譯

Fans began to be used in China thousands of years ago.

They were made out of many different materials.

During the Han and Tang Dynasties, due to progress in agriculture, silk and satin fans appeared, and they became a fashion among scholars and artists who showed their genius by writing and painting on the fans.

Fans soon acquired considerable social significance.

They became a part of the standard summer costume among the learned.

A great variety of fans have been produced in China and they still enjoy a great reputation today.

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難點(diǎn)講解

（1）在中國(guó)，扇子的使用始于數(shù)千年前。

解析：該句可譯為被動(dòng)句Fans began to be used in China thousands of yearsago，其主語是Fans，謂語則是began to be used。

（2）漢、唐期間，農(nóng)業(yè)有了發(fā)展，絲綢和緞面的扇子開始出現(xiàn)。

解析：漢、唐期間可作為第一句的時(shí)間狀語，譯為during the Hanand Tang Dynasties；

“農(nóng)業(yè)有了發(fā)展”其實(shí)是絲綢和緞面扇子出現(xiàn)的原因，所以這里有一層因果邏輯關(guān)系，可用因果連詞來表達(dá)。