經(jīng)典英語語法
經(jīng)典英語語法："一隨主。二隨賓，第三人稱不更新"。"一隨主"是指在直接引語變間接引語時，從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。
? ? ? ?一、如何變?nèi)朔Q
下面有一句順口溜"一隨主。二隨賓，第三人稱不更新"。"一隨主"是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
"二隨賓"是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱?；虮坏诙四闼揎棥木渲械娜朔Q要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
"第三人稱不更新"是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何變時態(tài)
直接引語在改為間接引語時、時態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)在時它需改為過去時態(tài);過去時態(tài)改為完成時;過去完成時則保留原來的時態(tài)。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)一般不變化。
?、僦苯右Z是客觀真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
?、谥苯右Z是過去進(jìn)行時，時態(tài)不變。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
?、壑苯右Z中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作，變間接引語，時態(tài)不變。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動詞沒有過去時的形式(例：ought to， had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時的形式時，(例：could, should, would, might)不再變。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何變狀語
直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時間狀語由"現(xiàn)在"改為"原來"(例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday。變?yōu)?the day before)地點(diǎn)狀語，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由"此"改為"彼"(例：this 改為that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何變句型
?、僦苯右Z如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven't you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
?、壑苯右Z如果是特殊問句，間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(賓語從句必須用陳述句語序)。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
?、苤苯右Z如果是祈使句，間接引語應(yīng)改為"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don't make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
?、葜苯右Z如果是以"Let's"開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用"suggest +動句詞(或從句)。"如：
He said, "Let's go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號引出人家的原話，這叫做直接引語;一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來，這叫做間接引語。例如：
John said, "I'm going to London with my father."
約翰說："我要和父親到倫敦去。"(引號內(nèi)是直接引語)
John said that he was going to London with his father.
約翰說，他要和他父親去倫敦。(賓語從句是間接引語)
由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語，分以下情況：
1. 直接引語是陳述句時
間接引語為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(口語中that可以省略)，主句的引述動詞主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."-'He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引語是疑問句時
間接引語為陳述語序：主句的謂語動詞say 改為ask,或改為wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
(1) 一般疑問句或反意疑問句變?yōu)閕f (whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven't you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
(2) 選擇疑問句變?yōu)閣hether....or 賓語從句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛稍瓉淼囊蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
He asked , "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引語是祈使句時
間接引語為不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語(don't 變?yōu)閚ot ).
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don't leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.[注意](1) 有些表示建議、提議、勸告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等動詞 加以轉(zhuǎn)述。例如：
He said, "Let's go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don't you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引語是感嘆句時
間接引語為what 或how 引導(dǎo)，也可以用that 引導(dǎo)。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5.如果主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，則間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語原來時態(tài)。如果主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)按下列變化：
(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時
(2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時
(3) 一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時
(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時
(5) 一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時
(6) 過去完成時不變，仍為過去完成時[注意](1) 如果直接引語是表示客觀真理時，變?yōu)殚g接引語，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2) 如果直接引語中有明確表示過時間的狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，一般過去時不改為過去完成時。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引語所述事實(shí)在當(dāng)時和目前同樣生效，變?yōu)殚g接賓語時，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引語中的謂語動詞表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣動作，在變?yōu)殚g接引時，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引語中含有since, when, while 引導(dǎo)的表示過去時間的狀語從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，只改變主句中的謂語動詞，從句的一般過去時則不變。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引語中含有情態(tài)動詞 must, need, had better以及情態(tài)動詞的過去式could, might, should, would,在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，這些情態(tài)動詞沒有時態(tài)的改變。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代詞等一般地應(yīng)作用相應(yīng)的變化。
指示代詞 this ---that
these--- those
表示時間的詞 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地點(diǎn)的詞 here --there
動詞 bring -- takecome -goUnit3?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來
當(dāng)句子涉及確切的計(jì)劃、明確的意圖和為將來安排好的活動時, 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可用于表示將來。1) come, go, stay, arrive, leave 等詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時經(jīng)常用于表示將來確切的計(jì)劃。
2) 表示交通方式、行程安排的動詞，例如 fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi)等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時也經(jīng)常用于表示將來(注意: 英語中一些表 "狀態(tài)和感官"的動詞通常不用于進(jìn)行時【見下表】)
用法和單詞例句表存在或位置: be, lie, stand
Japan lies to the east of China.
表所屬: have, own, possess, belong to, fit, suit
Taiwan belongs to China.
Who owns this land?
表知覺: see, hear, smell, taste, sound, look, feel, seem, appear
I smell the dinner cooking.
He seems quite happy.
表認(rèn)識、信仰、意見、懷疑、猜測、希望: know, think, understand, doubt, suppose, hope, wish
He doubts whether you will find your lost pen again.
表喜歡、反對、仇恨、厭惡: love, like, prefer, mind, hate, want, dislike, envy
We love our motherland deeply.
They envy her good fortune.注意：另外,表示將來的動作或狀態(tài),還可用以下幾種形式:
① will / shall+動詞原形 例： I shall be seventeen years old next month.
?、?be going to+動詞原形:表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例;We are going to have a meeting today.
?、?be to+動詞原形:表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對方意見。例：Are we to go on with this work?
?、?be about to+動詞原形,表示即將發(fā)生的動作,不與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
例;I was about to go swimming when my guide shouted at me and told me not to do so.
我正要去游泳, 這時向?qū)Т舐暯形也灰ァ?/p>
⑤ be +動詞的ing形式：表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的事, 含義是 "預(yù)定要......" 這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用趨向動詞 go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay , return 和 play, do, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet等 。
例：--- When are you going off for your holiday? 你什么時候動身去度假?
--- My plane is taking off at 9:20, so I must be at the airport by 8:30. 我乘坐的飛機(jī)將于9:20分起飛, 所以我必須在8:30之前趕到機(jī)場。
?、?一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時
(1) 按規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的未來動作,僅限于動詞come, go, leave, move, start, return, arrive, begin, stay等動詞.
(2) 用在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。 例：If you do that again, I'll hit you.
(3) 用在I bet 和I hope后面, 常用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。 例 I bet you don't get up before ten tomorrow.
例： The plane takes off at 10:10. That is, it's leaving in ten minutes.
?、?單純敘述未來的事實(shí),可以用將來進(jìn)行時,也可表示按計(jì)劃安排將來要執(zhí)行的動作。
Unit 4~5.定語從句
1. 定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解2. 定語從句的關(guān)系詞的使用3. 定語從句的簡化表達(dá)
知識總結(jié)歸納
(一)定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子(做這個名詞或代詞的定語)叫定語從
句，定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞，它與定語
從句之間要有一個詞連接，這個詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who,
whose, when, where, why)。先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，時間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語從句。
1. Thereshesaw a wall of water that was quicklyadvancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees anotherperson making thegesture will thinkit means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a commontheme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the
riversandcoastal waters ofAsia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do thethings they have seen
theirheroes doin themovie.
6. OprahWinfrey is ablack woman whose rise tofame is an inspiring story.
(二)定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句：
限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞
緊密相連。
非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。
1. Beforeshecould move, sheheard aloud noise,which grewtoa terrible roar.
2. Treeafter tree went down, cutdown bythe water, which must havebeen three meters deep.
3. Flora,whose beautifulhair anddress were all cold andwet, startedcrying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the
audience applaud.
(三)關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用 which 或 whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of thecompany.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes
in which people were eaten bythe shark.
知識重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
(一)當(dāng)先行詞有最高級，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是 all,no, only等形式時，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，
而不能用 which。
1. The Titanic was the largest shipthat hadeverbeen built atthattime.
2. Thereis onething that keeps worrying me.
(二)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間，地點(diǎn)，原因的詞時，關(guān)系詞用 when, where, why 還有which, that
1. I'mveryglad toreturn tomy hometown where I hadlived for10 years.
2. This is my hometown which Iused totalk about toyou.
3. Ithink Ican understand thereason why hedidn't tellthe truth tome.
4. No one believes thereason that he gaveus abouthis absence at themeeting.
(三)定語從句的簡化表達(dá)：
1. The man who is sitting onthe platformis a professorfromWuhanUniversity.
2. The letter thatwas mailed lastnight will reach himtomorrow.
3. The questionthat is beingdiscussed is veryimportant.
4. Youarewelcome toa partytobe givenin ourclass at7:45.
說明：以上的定語從句部分可以用更加簡單的非謂語形式表達(dá)出來：
1. The man sittingon theplatformis a professorfromWuhan University.
2. The letter mailed lastnight will reach himtomorrow.
3. The questionbeing discussedis veryimportant.
4. Youarewelcome toa partytobe givenin ourclass at7:45.
說明：修飾一個名詞除了后面用定語從句以外，還可以用非謂語動詞形式：doing短語，done短語，
beingdone短語，tobe done短語修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語： 正在做....的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語： 被.....的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+beingdone短語：正在被.....的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ tobe done短語：將要被.....的人/事
(1)Do youknow theman talkingto my sister?
(2)The "crazy"gesture, moving the indexfinger in acircle in front of the ear,means "youhave a
phone call"in Brazil.
(3)Did yousee that carbeingrepaired ?
(4)In a camera,the lensmust befocused onthe objectto bephotographed.
(5)The students toattend themeeting will arrive heretomorrow.
(6)Goods importedfromabroad arenotalways betterthan thosemade inChina.
(7)The Yellow River,said tobe "themotherriver"runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結(jié)：以上做定語的那些短語就是英語語法中所說的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語。
1. 這些短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個V-ing或 V-ed形式作定語，則可以放在被
修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語時，其動作應(yīng)與全句動作同時發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動意義。
beingdone表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的，tobe done表示將要被做的
【典型例題】
[例1] Friendshipis needed byall, _____plays animportantrole inpeople'slives.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
分析：_____plays animportant rolein people's lives為非限定性定語從句修飾先行詞 Friendship用
which 連接定語從句。答案：A[例2] Uncle Li_____I worked three yearsagohas retirednow.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. towhom
分析：_____I worked three years ago作為定語從句修飾先行詞 Uncle Li，從句完整的表達(dá)是：I
worked with Uncle Lithree yearsago. 所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞 with。答案：C[例3] Is thisthe reason_____at themeeting forhis carelessnessin his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. howhe explained D. why heexplained
分析：定語從句_____at themeeting forhis carelessnessin his work 修飾先行詞 thereason指"他
在會上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語。答案：A[例4] Teachers, _____work is rather hard, arebeingbetter paidthan before.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
分析：非限定性定語從句_____work is ratherhard修飾先行詞teachers, 它與從句中的 work 是從屬
關(guān)系，關(guān)系詞用 whose答案：D[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____in 776BC, didn't included women playersuntil1912.
A. first playing B. to befirstplayed
C. firstplayed D. tobe firstplaying
分析：公元前 776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會，直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動員。_____in776 BC 做定語修
飾 The Olympic Games，指過去的內(nèi)容，表示被動。用 done做定語。答案：C[例6] The houses _____ fortheteachers andthe constructionwork will startsoon.
A. built B. to bebuilt C. tobuild D. beingbuilt
分析：根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_____ forthe teachers andthe construction work 修飾 The houses
應(yīng)為 The houses The houses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。答案：B[例7] How many of us_____,a meetingthat is notimportantto uswould beinterested in thediscussion?
A. attended B. attending C. toattend D. haveattended
分析：根據(jù)句意：比如說，我們當(dāng)中參加一個對我們毫不重要的會議的人會有多少人對這個討論感興
趣呢?_____,say,a meeting that is notimportantto us修飾 How many ofus 做定語。與全句動作同步.答案：B[例8] She hasthree children, _____ is working in Australia.
A. who B. oneof whom C. oneof them D. none ofthem
分析：非限定性定語從句__is working inAustralia修飾先行詞 three children，根據(jù)從句中的is 判斷，
是說：三個孩子中的一個在澳大利亞工作。答案：B【模擬試題】
1. Susanis thevery girl_____the good deed.
A. whom I think did B. whom I think shedid
C. who I think did D. I thinkwho did
2. Luckily,thepoor boy hadenough money _____he couldbuy atrain ticket.
A. by which B. on which C. with which D. forwhich
3. The book _____ hedevoted much time is to come outnext month.
A. where B. which C. towhich D. onwhich
4. The daycame finally _____ Iwas given anopportunity to actin theplay.
A. when B. in that C. which D. in which
5. 1.Don't youthink thequestion _____ tomorrowis ofgreat importance.
A. beingdiscussed B. discussed
C. tobe discussed D. todiscuss
6. The food_____atthemoment is forthedinner party.
A. cooked B. to becooked C. is beingcooked D. beingcooked
7. Doyou knowthe teacher_____under thebig tree ?
A. read B. reads C. reading D. beingread
【試題答案】
1. C Susan 正是我認(rèn)為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞 theverygirl 在從句中做think 的賓語，同時又
是后面賓語從句 didthegood deed.的主語，所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom
2. C 定語從句_____hecould buya train ticket.修飾先行詞 money：用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面
需要加介詞：with
3. C 定語從句 _____ he devoted much time 意思是：他把大量的時間都投入在這本書上了。
devote....tosth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞：to
4. A 定語從句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修飾先行詞 the day ：先行詞 the
day在從句中做時間狀語：在這一天我得到了扮演一個角色的機(jī)會。
5. C 短語_____tomorrow做定語修飾the question，根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容：明天即將被討論的問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)
用不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)做定語。
6. D 短語_____at the moment 做 the food的定語,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定語表示：
正在被......的......。
7. C 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 reading underthe bigtree做定語修飾 theteacher 表示：正在大樹下看書的那位老師。
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