被動語態(tài)講解
被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞。是動詞的一種形式,用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。eg. Saddam is being tried. 薩達姆正在接受審判。
被動語態(tài)時態(tài)變化只改變be的形式,過去分詞不變。
? ? ?(一)舉例
Saddam is being tried. 薩達姆正在接受審判。
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在審判薩達姆。
More and more people use computers now.(主動語態(tài))
Computers are more and more widely used now.(被動語態(tài))
English is spoken all over the world. (被動語態(tài))
(二)英漢兩種語言在表達被動方式上的差異
漢語表達被動語態(tài)非常簡單明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等詞來表示,如“被捕”、“被殺”、“受到凌辱”等。而英語表達被動的方式也不復雜,用“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”表示。其中助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化,而這正是英語被動語態(tài)的難點。
(三)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。這里要強調(diào)一定是及物動詞的過去分詞,因為不及物動詞不能帶賓語,也就不可能有被動語態(tài)。英語主動語態(tài)有16個時態(tài);被動語態(tài)常用的有8個,以give為例說明如下:
時態(tài)
動詞形式
一般現(xiàn)在時
Am/is/are given
一般過去時
Was/were given
一般將來時
Shall/will be given
現(xiàn)在進行時
Am/is/are being given
過去進行時
Was/were being given
過去將來時
Should/would be given
現(xiàn)在完成時
Has/have been given
過去完成時
Had been given
被動語態(tài)的疑問句是將第一個助動詞移到主語之前、句末用問號;否定式是在第一個助動詞后加not或never等其他否定詞、句末用句號。如:
“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面試的時候,用英語問你問題了嗎?”“沒有,沒有用英語問我問題?!?/p>
The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永遠也不會被解釋清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐館正在裝修嗎?
The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。那家餐館沒有在裝修。實際上,那家餐館從來沒有裝修過。
(四)被動語態(tài)的用法
1、不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者。換個說法,有一件事情不知道是誰干的或者不想說出是誰干的,這時就用被動語態(tài)。例如:
I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面試的時候,有點緊張。
These fighters are imported from Russia. 這些戰(zhàn)斗機是從俄國進口的。
That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那個地方已被變成游泳池。
2、說話或發(fā)表意見時,為了顯得客觀公正,也常用被動語態(tài)
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信/據(jù)報道他在美國。
還有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):
It is said that……. 據(jù)說
It is reported that……. 據(jù)報道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It is believed that……. 人們相信
It is announced that……. 據(jù)宣布
it is (well) known that……. 眾所周知
It has been decided that……. 已經(jīng)決定
It is supposed that……. 人們認為
It is suggested that……. 有人建議
It must be remembered that……. 務必記住
It is taken for granted that……. 被視為當然
(五)主動句變被動句的注意事項
一是時態(tài)不能改變;二是變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后,謂語動詞要和被動語態(tài)的主語在人稱、數(shù)上保持一致。還要作如下變動:把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;主動語態(tài)的主語放在by的后面,組成介詞短語,再把這個介詞短語放在被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必要強調(diào)時,by短語可以省略。例如:
They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他們很快將在那里開辦個新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一個新超市不久將在那里開辦。
The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位醫(yī)生用英語講了兩次課。
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位醫(yī)生用英語講了兩次課。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我們要當心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我們受到警告,要當心老鼠。
如果主動語態(tài)有兩個賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語),變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可將其中任何一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個不變。但較常見的是將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。
The reporters asked the president some questions. 記者們問了總統(tǒng)一些問題。
The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 變間接賓語為主語)
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (變直接賓語為主語)
We have given him a job. 我們已給了他一個工作。
He has been given a job. (變間接賓語為主語)
A job has been given (to) him. (變直接賓語為主語)
(六)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
句中含有情態(tài)動詞時,其被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞:
The timetable can be changed any time. 時間表隨時可以改變。
This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 這本書不允許帶出閱覽室。
This dictionary must be taken good care of. 這本詞典必須保管好。
(七)關于被動語態(tài)的幾點說明
1、有些動詞形式上是主動,意義上是被動。例如:
School begins in September. 學校九月份開學。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 圖書館星期天不開放。
The machine runs well. 這臺機器容易操作。
My pen writes well. 我的鋼筆好使。
The cloth washes well. 這料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well. 這詞典銷路很好。
The book hardly sells. 這書買不出去。
The door will not shut/lock. 門關/鎖不上。
2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役動詞和感官動詞的賓語后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補。但在被動語態(tài)中,不定式符號to必須補上。例如:
They made him go. 他們讓他去。
He was made to go. 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我聽見他向他的朋友說再見。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人聽到他向他的朋友說再見。
3、除助動詞be外,動詞get有時也可跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),是比較口語化的一種被動語態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中很少用by短語。例如:
I got lost in the huge market. 在那個巨大的市場中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt. 你會送命/受傷的。
In the end this story got translated into English. 這故事最后被譯成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident. ?他的車在交通事故中被毀了。
4、“have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型也表達了一種被動的意思。如:
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一會就把自行車修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天買東西的時候我的錢夾被盜。
He got his leg broken when playing football. ?踢足球的時候他把腿弄斷了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折買了這些書,省了兩百美元。
5、在need, want, require后面,主動的-ing形式表達被動的意思:
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花園需要澆水。
Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生,您的衣服要燙嗎?
- 相關熱點:
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