現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響,也表示過去的狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語+have/has +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,常搭配的狀語有already、yet、lately等。
具體用法:
(1)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或者結(jié)果,而這種影響或者結(jié)果往往是說話人的興趣所在。
常用的狀語有already, yet, not,yet, now, just, by this time等。
例:
The bus has come here. 公共汽車已經(jīng)來了。
Someone has cleaned the window. 有人已經(jīng)擦了窗戶。
(2)表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。
與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如today, this week/ month/ summer, lately, recently, these days, so far, in the past few days, since the end of last year, for a long time等。
例:
We have lived here for two years. 我們?cè)谶@里住了兩年了。
注意:瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)動(dòng)詞
1 .瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,還叫終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài), 但不可以接一段時(shí)間,若要接一段時(shí)間,須要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。
2. 瞬間動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的否定式可以接一段時(shí)間。
常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞:
(1) 來(come)、去(go)、到(get to/reach/arrive at)、離(leave)、看(see)、聽(說)hear
(2) 買(buy)、賣(sell)、開(open)、關(guān)(close)、起床(get up)
(3) 參加(join/take part in)、開發(fā)(begin/start)、還(return/give)(與)借(borrow/lend)
(4) 變成(become/turn)、帶(bring/take)、給(give)、死(die)、完(finish/end)、接(receive/hear from)
瞬間動(dòng)詞接一段時(shí)間:
⑴.將時(shí)間狀語改為時(shí)間段 + ago,句中謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí).
eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
常見瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系:
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at
open-----be open
die------be dead
close----be closed ????????????
become---be
borrow---keep
begin/start-----be on ???
put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) ?????????
fall asleep----be asleep
end/finish-----be over ???
catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
例:
They borrowed the book two weeks ago.他們兩個(gè)星期前借的這本書。
→ They have kept the book for two weeks.
A month has passed since he left home. 他離開家已經(jīng)一個(gè)月了。
→ He has been away from home for a month.?
注意:以下表示法的含義及用法
have been (to): 去過或到過(某地)(表示某人過去的經(jīng)歷)
have gone (to):去(某地)了 (現(xiàn)在可能已在某地)
have come (to):來(某地)了 (現(xiàn)在可能已在某地)
have been in? +一段時(shí)間: 已在某地一段時(shí)間了?
例:
He has been to Hangzhou several times. 他到過杭州幾次了。
He has gong to Hangzhou, so he can’t help us. 他去杭州了,所以他不可能幫助我們。
He has come to our city. Let’s go to visit him. 他已經(jīng)到我們城市來了,我們?nèi)グ菰L他吧。
She has been in London for half a year. 她在倫敦已經(jīng)半年了。
- 相關(guān)熱點(diǎn):
- 黨員年終總結(jié)