這種現(xiàn)象我們已經(jīng)見(jiàn)怪不怪了,大部分人都是雙標(biāo)的,對(duì)別人一套要求,對(duì)自己又是另一套要求。

不過(guò),在我們聲討這種行為的時(shí)候,有沒(méi)有停下來(lái)想一想它到底為什么會(huì)存在呢?

這就要牽扯到心理學(xué)上的一個(gè)概念:歸因誤差(attribution error)

在心理學(xué)中,所謂的歸因(attribution)就是我們對(duì)別人行為的原因做的判斷。

要想理解歸因這個(gè)概念,我們來(lái)想象一下:一位新朋友和你約了喝咖啡,但后來(lái)取消了這次計(jì)劃。你會(huì)認(rèn)為是有什么不可抗的事情發(fā)生了呢?還是認(rèn)為這個(gè)新朋友自己有問(wèn)題呢?那些研究歸因的心理學(xué)家關(guān)注的就是你會(huì)如何回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Edward Jones and Keith Davis developed the correspondent inference theory. This theory suggests that if someone behaves in a socially desirable way, we do not tend to infer much about them as a person.?
愛(ài)德華·瓊斯和吉斯·戴維斯則發(fā)展出了一套理論:相互推測(cè)理論。這個(gè)理論認(rèn)為:如果一個(gè)人表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的行為是社會(huì)希望看到的,我們就不會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)人本身做出太多推測(cè)。

For example, if you ask your friend for a pencil and she gives one to you, you are not likely to infer much about your friend's character from the behavior, because most people would do the same thing in a given situation—it is the socially desirable response.?
比如,你向你的一個(gè)朋友借一支鉛筆,而她借給你了,你就不會(huì)因?yàn)檫@個(gè)行為而對(duì)你朋友的性格做出太多推測(cè),因?yàn)榇蟛糠秩嗽谶@個(gè)情況下都會(huì)這么做,這是社會(huì)期望看到的行為。

However, if your friend refuses to allow you to borrow a pencil, you are likely to infer something about her innate characteristics due to this socially undesirable response.
而如果你的朋友拒絕借給你鉛筆,你就可能開(kāi)始對(duì)她的性格進(jìn)行推測(cè)了,因?yàn)檫@種行為是社會(huì)不希望看到的。

Also according to this theory, we do not tend to conclude much about an individual's internal motivation if they’re acting in a particular social role.?
這個(gè)理論還指出,如果一個(gè)人做出的行為是符合他的社會(huì)角色的,那我們通常也不會(huì)對(duì)他的動(dòng)機(jī)做太多推測(cè)。

For example, a salesperson might be friendly and outgoing at work, but because such a demeanor is part of the job requirements, we will not attribute the behavior to an innate characteristic.
比如,一名售貨員工作時(shí)可能表現(xiàn)得友好又外向,但這是他們工作的要求,所以我們也不會(huì)把這些行為和他們本人的性格掛鉤。

另一方面,如果一個(gè)人做出的行為并不是一個(gè)社交場(chǎng)景中的典型行為,我們就更可能把他們的行為歸因于他們自身的性格。

比如,如果我們看到一個(gè)人在一個(gè)喧鬧的環(huán)境中表現(xiàn)得很安靜,那我們通常就會(huì)認(rèn)為他們是內(nèi)向的人。

當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D判斷別人的意圖時(shí),我們并不總是準(zhǔn)確的。實(shí)際上,心理學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種常見(jiàn)的主要誤差。

Fundamental Attribution Error,?基本歸因謬誤

which refers to the tendency to over-emphasize the role of personal traits in shaping behaviors. For example, if someone is rude to you, you may assume that they’re generally a rude person, rather than assuming that they were under stress that day.
它指的是過(guò)于看重個(gè)人特質(zhì)在塑造行為時(shí)的作用。比如,如果一個(gè)人對(duì)你很粗魯,你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為這就是個(gè)粗魯?shù)娜?,而不?huì)想他們當(dāng)天可能承受了壓力。

Self-Serving Bias, 自利性偏差

which refers to the tendency to give ourselves credit when things go well, but blame the situation or bad luck when things go poorly. What’s notable is that: according to recent research, people who are experiencing depression may not show the self-serving bias, and may even experience a reverse bias.
它指的是,當(dāng)事情順利的時(shí)候把功勞歸于自己,而在事情不順利的時(shí)候把原因歸于環(huán)境和運(yùn)氣。值得注意的是:根據(jù)最新的研究,患有自閉癥的人可能不會(huì)發(fā)生自利性偏差,他們甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)完全相反的現(xiàn)象。

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OK,來(lái)講講今天的詞?Attribute

它的意思是“把……歸因于……”,用法是?attribute sth. to sth.

文中的?attribution?是它的名詞形式。

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那么,我們來(lái)造個(gè)句子吧~

Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.
耐心是教師最重要的品質(zhì)之一。

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