寫作考試需要考生們對材料知識能夠充分掌握，而且文章要能夠有特點。小編為同學們整理了一篇托福獨立寫作題目以及范文，供大家參考使用。一起來看看吧！合寫作滿分作文

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Reading：

The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet from most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology – dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts – was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.

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First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain’s population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites. Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed.

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Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research are inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.

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Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.

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Listening script：

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In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in the United Kingdom that has changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all there areas discussed in the passage.

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First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating and documenting them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.

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Second, an important part of the new guidelines is a rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government. The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is a whole new source of financial support. The funding from construction companies has allowed researchers to study a far greater range of archaeological sites than they could in the past.

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Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work that didn’t exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired at all stages of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then to help draw up the preservation plan to do the research in a professional scientific manner and finally to process the date and write reports and articles. The increased job and career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number of professional archaeologists in Britain, which is now the highest it’s ever been.

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托福寫作參考范文：

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The lecture refutes the passage’s position that the science of archaeology came across severe problems and limitations over the 20th century by pointing out that the new guidelines actually gave a boost to the development of archaeology in Great Britain.

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First, contrary to the passage’s claim that a large number of valuable artifacts were lost to construction as construction workers and companies might turn a blind eye to the artifacts and potential sites of scientific value, the new guideline urges any construction mustn’t be commenced before a thorough examination is done by professional archaeologists to confirm whether the site is of any archaeological research interest or value. After negotiation with the construction company and the local government officials, the archaeologists will then put forward a plan to either excavate the site or to build around it.

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Second, the lecturer argues that there is a misunderstanding about who is paying the bill for the archaeological research as the passage believes that the government budget for the archaeological preservation is awfully inadequate. In fact, the guideline requires that all the examination and other related work be paid by the construction company. As a result, the increasing research resources enable archaeologists to conduct their research in a far bigger range than before.

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Third, while the passage mentions that the number of jobs available in the market dropped dramatically and that archaeological research ceased to be a hobby for amateurs, the lecturer provides evidence to prove that the increasing market demand made the twentieth century the best time for archaeologists as every step of the research would be paid according to the new guidelines. Jobs which didn’t exist in the past, such as examining the site before construction, drafting plans for preservation, processing information in archaeological manner, writing articles based on the findings, are now getting more and more popular.

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