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四級翻譯

TOPIC 1：毛筆

毛筆(Chinese brush)是一種源于中國的傳統(tǒng)書寫工具，與墨、紙、硯(ink stone)并稱為“文房四寶”。毛筆有著悠久的歷史，相傳為秦始皇的大將蒙恬所創(chuàng)。毛筆筆尖最初用兔毛，后來也用羊、狼、雞、鼠等動物毛，筆管用竹或其他材料制成。在古代，毛筆不僅是一種基本的書寫工具，還被廣泛用于書法(calligraphy)和繪畫創(chuàng)作。幾千年來，它為創(chuàng)造中華民族光輝燦爛的文化做出了卓越的貢獻。

Chinese brush is a traditional writing instrument originating from China. Ink stick, paper, ink stone and Chinese brush are known as “Four Treasures of the Study”.Chinese brush has a long history. Legend has it that the brush was invented by Meng Tian, a general under the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty. Originally, the head of the brush was made from rabbit hairs, and later also from the hairs of goats, wolves, chickens, mice and other animals. The shaft is made of bamboo or other materials. In ancient times, Chinese brush was not only an essential writing tool, it was also widely used in calligraphy and painting. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to the creation of the effulgent Chinese culture.

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TOPIC 2：刺繡

刺繡(embroidery)是中國民間傳統(tǒng)手工藝之一，有著悠久的歷史。刺繡的歷史可以追溯到商朝，而漢朝則見證了刺繡在風格和技術上的一大飛躍。日月星辰、花鳥魚蟲等很多事物都可以成為刺繡的內(nèi)容。在古代，刺繡只由特權(privileged)階層獨享，象征其較高的社會地位。隨著社會的發(fā)展，刺繡逐漸進入普通百姓的生活。如今，刺繡已走出國門，成為中國人民與世界各國人民友好往來的橋梁。

Embroidery, one of traditional Chinese folk handicrafts, has a long history. The history of embroidery can trace back to the Shang Dynasty. The Han Dynasty witnessed a leap in the styles and techniques of embroidery. A lot of things can become the content of embroidery, such as the sun, the moon, the stars, flowers, birds, fish and insects. In ancient times, embroidery could be enjoyed only by the privileged class and symbolized their high social status. With the development of society, it enters the life of ordinary people. Nowadays it has stepped out of China and become a bridge of friendly exchanges between the Chinese and foreigners.

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TOPIC 3：中國菜

中國的烹飪歷史悠久，有8 000多種有名的菜品，48種基本的烹飪方式，包括烤、煎、煮等。中國菜可以大致分為八大地方菜系(cuisine)，流傳最廣的當屬四川菜系。川菜以麻辣著稱，宮保雞丁、麻婆豆腐大受人們歡迎，四川火鍋是世界上最有名的火鍋。除此之外，還有其他很多著名的地方菜系，如北京菜和上海菜。北京菜膩且偏咸，最典型的是北京烤鴨，幾乎每一個到北京的外國人都會到全聚德吃烤鴨。上海菜油膩且口味偏甜，對于喜歡甜食的人再好不過了。

Chinese cooking has a long history. There are over 8 000 well-known Chinese dishes and 48 basic ways of cooking including roasting, frying and boiling, etc. Chinese cooking can be roughly divided into eight regional schools of cuisine. The most popular one is Sichuan cuisine, which is spicy and hot. Kung-pao chicken and mapo tofu are very popular with people. Sichuan hotpot is the most famous hotpot in the world. Additionally, there are many other famous local schools of cuisine, such as Beijing cuisine and Shanghai cuisine. Beijing food is greasy and a little salty. The most typical one is Beijing roast duck. Nearly every foreigner who comes to Beijing will taste Beijing roast duck in Quanjude Restaurant. Shanghai food is oily and sweet. It's the best choice for people who have a sweet tooth.

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TOPIC 4：宮廷建筑

在中國漫長的封建(feudal)歷史進程中，擁有至高無上權力的帝王們?yōu)樽约航ㄔ炝似胀ù蟊娍赏豢杉吹膶m廷樓宇，這些建筑體現(xiàn)了當時建筑技術的精髓。據(jù)史料記載，秦代的阿房宮、漢代的未央宮以及唐代的大明宮都是宏大的建筑群，有寬闊的庭院以及宏偉的殿堂。目前僅存的帝王宮殿是建于明清兩代的北京紫禁城和沈陽故宮，它們代表了古代宮廷建筑技術和藝術的頂峰。

In the long history of Chinese feudal society, the emperors, as the holders of supreme power, built palaces and other structures for themselves which the populace might aspire to but could never attain. The architecture represents the essence of the architectural techniques at that time. Ancient records describe the now vanished Epang Palace of the Qin Dynasty, Weiyang Palace of the Han Dynasty and Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty as huge constructions with broad courtyards and magnificent halls. The only imperial palaces extant nowadays are the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Imperial Palace in Shenyang, which were built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They represent the best technical and artistic achievements of ancient palace architecture.

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TOPIC 5：動物的象征意義

在中國，動物被賦予了獨特的象征意義。例如:在中國傳統(tǒng)文化中，金魚象征著財富。中國人過春節(jié)時，最受歡迎的年畫(New Year Picture)就是一個大胖小子懷抱一條大金魚，取意“富裕和諧”。在中國的傳說中，蝴蝶象征著戀人之間至死不渝的愛情?；⒃谥袊幕惺亲鹳F、力量和勇氣的象征。在某些少數(shù)民族(ethnic minority)文化中，人們認為燕子成對出現(xiàn)昭示著美滿的婚姻與幸福的生活。

In China, animals are endowed with special symbolic meanings. For example, the goldfish means abundance of gold in traditional Chinese culture. In the Spring Festival, one of the most popular New Year Pictures depicts a plump baby holding a large goldfish which represents “wealth and harmony”. Chinese legend has it that the butterfly symbolizes an undying bond between lovers. The tiger is seen as an emblem of dignity, power and courage. In the culture of some ethnic minorities, the presence of swallows in pairs is considered a blessing, which signifies a perfect marriage and happy life.

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六級翻譯?

TOPIC 1：京劇角色

“生、旦、凈、丑”是京劇中的角色分類?！吧笔悄行哉娼巧?，“旦”是女性正面角色，“凈”是性格鮮明的男性配角(supporting role)，“丑”是幽默滑稽的人物或反面角色。每種角色都有表明身份的臉譜(facial make-up)和扮相(costume)，只要演員一上場，你一看便知。在人的臉上涂上某種顏色以象征這個人的性格和品質(zhì)、角色和命運，是京劇的一大特點，也是理解劇情的關鍵。簡單地講，紅臉含有褒義，代表忠勇(valor)；黑臉為中性，代表猛(vigor)智；黃臉和白臉含貶義，代表兇詐。

Sheng, dan, jing, chou refer to different types of roles in Peking Opera. Sheng is the positive male role, and dan is the positive female role, while jing is a supporting male role with a distinctive character and chou is the clown or a negative character. Each type of role has its own facial make-up and costume that expose its identity as soon as he/she appears on the stage. One major characteristic of Peking Opera is the color painted on the face of a character that shows the personality, quality, role and fate, which is also the key to understanding the plot. To put it simply, red is positive, standing for loyalty and valor; black represents a neutral role, representing vigor and wisdom; yellow and white both suggest cunning and negative characters.

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TOPIC 2：筷子

筷子由兩根長短相同的木棍組成，是中國的傳統(tǒng)餐具(eating utensil)?？曜映霈F(xiàn)在三千多年前，它的出現(xiàn)不僅是中國烹飪文化的變革，也是人類文明的標志。此外，筷子在烹飪技巧的發(fā)展過程中也起著推動作用。如今，筷子不僅是一種餐具，還成為一種獨特的文化形式，對于我們來說，筷子可以作為藝術品來欣賞、研究和收藏?？曜与m小，但仍被世界上許多人所推崇。一項有趣的實驗表明，當你在使用筷子的時候，許多關節(jié)和肌肉都會得到鍛煉。

Chopsticks, the traditional eating utensils in China, are a pair of equal length sticks. Chopsticks appeared more than three thousand years ago. The appearance of chopsticks is not only a revolution of Chinese cuisine culture, but also a symbol of human civilization. Besides, chopsticks have promoted the development of cooking techniques. Today, chopsticks are not only a kind of tableware, but also have become a unique culture form, coming in front of us as a work of art for appreciation, research and collection. Chopsticks are small, but they are adored by many people in the world. An interesting experiment shows that many joints and muscles can be exercised when you use chopsticks.

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TOPIC 3：胡同

胡同，是北京特有的一種古老的城市小巷，在世界上是獨一無二的。北京胡同已有800多年的歷史，縱橫交錯于皇城周圍。胡同不僅是城市的交通脈絡，更是百姓生活的場所。作為北京歷史和文化發(fā)展的舞臺，它見證了歷史的變遷(vicissitudes)和風貌，留下了許多社會生活的印記，保留了原汁原味的(authentic)老北京民俗風情。要想真正了解胡同，體味胡同，最好的辦法就是親自去走走、看看。那些古老的胡同，猶如滋味醇厚的佳肴，應當細細咀嚼、慢慢品味。

A hutong is an ancient city alleyway or lane unique to Beijing. You can't find it elsewhere in the world. The history of the Beijing hutong can be traced back to more than 800 years ago, when interconnecting hutongs surrounded the Forbidden City. Hutongs are not only traffic lanes of the city but also places where people live in. Hutongs have been an arena for Beijing's historical and cultural development, witnessing vicissitudes and features of the history, leaving many traces of social life, and preserving authentic folk customs of ancient Beijing. The best way to truly understand and experience hutongs is to take a walk in them and have a look personally. The old hutongs are like delicious delicacies which should be chewed and tasted slowly and carefully.

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TOPIC 4：孟母三遷

孟子是中國古代一位著名的哲學家，其影響僅次于孔子。他小時候家住在墓地附近，耳濡目染的都是些有關喪葬禮儀(funeral ceremony)的事情。孟母擔心這里的環(huán)境對他的影響不好，于是就搬家了。新家靠近集市，孟子又學著商人做買賣，孟母不愿自己的孩子長大成為一個商人，于是又搬家了。第三次的新居在學校附近，孟子就跟著學生學習詩書禮儀(classic and etiquette)。孟母認為找到了理想的地方，于是決定在這里長住下去。由此可見，孟母意識到了環(huán)境對孩子成長的影響。

Mencius, whose influence was second only to Confucius, was an eminent philosopher in ancient China. When he was young, his family lived near a cemetery, so he was fully exposed to funeral ceremonies. Mencius' mother was worried that the surroundings would have a negative influence on him, so she decided to move. They moved to a place next to a fair, and Mencius began to learn the ways of business people. His mother didn't want her son to become a businessman so she moved again. This time they moved into a house near a school, and Mencius began to learn the classics and etiquette along with the students. His mother thought this was the right place for him and decided to stay there for good. This shows that Mencius' mother realized the importance of the environment for children's growing up.

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TOPIC 5：紅包文化

過年發(fā)紅包(gift money)和收紅包是中國傳統(tǒng)習俗，寓意祝福和團圓。如今，紅包文化在新技術的推動下推陳出新，雖然是源于商業(yè)目的，但在效果上契合了網(wǎng)絡時代的社交需求。紅包文化本身就是圖個氣氛。現(xiàn)在，這一古老習俗再生(revive)于網(wǎng)絡，核心體驗不在于紅包現(xiàn)金的多寡，而在于每個人參與其中營造了過年的氣氛，使人們體驗了發(fā)紅包和搶紅包的快樂，回歸了這份古老習俗的本義。

Sending and receiving gift money on Spring Festival is a traditional Chinese custom, symbolizing good wishes and reunion. Nowadays, motivated by new technologies, the old gift money culture is brought forth something new. Although out of commercial purposes, in effect, it meets the social needs in the network era. The gift money culture was designed for activating a festival atmosphere. Today, the traditional custom has revived on the network. The core experience does not lie in the exact amount of the gift money. Rather, it lies in the fact that everyone is immersed in creating a festival atmosphere, experiences the happiness of sending and competing for gift money and brings the traditional custom back to its nature.