People With ADHD Have Different Brains
患有多動(dòng)癥的人有著不同的大？

Certain brain structures related to emotion and reward are smaller in people with the disorder, new research finds.
據(jù)最新的研究表明，患有多動(dòng)癥的人的大腦中與情感和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有關(guān)的組成結(jié)構(gòu)比常人更小。

The largest-ever brain imaging study on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has led scientists to say the condition should be considered a neurological disorder, not just a behavioral one.
有史以來，對(duì)多動(dòng)癥最深入的腦成像研究讓科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，這應(yīng)該是一種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病，而不僅僅是一種行為。

The brain structures of children with ADHD differ in small but significant ways from those of normally developing children, according to the findings, which were published online in the journal Lancet Psychiatry on Feb. 15.
2月15日，發(fā)表在柳葉刀醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上的研究結(jié)果顯示，患有多動(dòng)癥兒童的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)比正常發(fā)育的兒童更小，但也更能發(fā)揮效用。

Up to 11 percent of U.S. children and around 5 percent of U.S. adults have been diagnosed with ADHD, which causes symptoms like difficulty paying attention, impulsivity, irritability and forgetfulness.
高達(dá)百分之11的美國(guó)孩子以及百分之5左右的美國(guó)成人被診斷患有多動(dòng)癥，這導(dǎo)致了他們產(chǎn)生注意力難以集中、沖動(dòng)、煩躁、健忘等癥狀。

The study’s authors hope that the research will help to combat widespread misunderstanding of ADHD, which is often seen as some sort of motivational deficit or character failing rather than a real disorder. The findings show that the disorder is as real as other neuropsychiatric disorders like depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
該項(xiàng)研究的作者希望這能夠幫助解決大眾對(duì)多動(dòng)癥的普遍誤解，因?yàn)橥蠹視?huì)認(rèn)為這是種動(dòng)機(jī)或性格缺陷而不是一種疾病。但研究結(jié)果表明，多動(dòng)癥和抑郁癥以及強(qiáng)迫癥一樣都屬于神經(jīng)性精神疾病。

For the study, a team of Dutch neuroscientists analyzed MRI scans of the brains of more than 3,200 people between the ages of four and 63 years old (with a median age of 14 years old), measuring total brain volume as well as the volume of seven brain regions thought to be linked to ADHD. Roughly half of the participants had a diagnosis of ADHD.
在這項(xiàng)研究中，一批荷蘭科學(xué)家分析了年齡在4到63歲之間（平均年齡14歲）的3200多人的大腦核磁共振掃描結(jié)果，測(cè)量了大腦總體積以及大腦七塊與多動(dòng)癥的產(chǎn)生相關(guān)的區(qū)域體積。大約一半的參與者被診斷出患有多動(dòng)癥。

The brain scans revealed that five brain regions were smaller in people with ADHD. These include the amygdala, an almond-shaped structure involved in processing emotions like fear and pleasure; the hippocampus, which plays a role in learning, memory and emotion; and three brain areas within the striatum ― the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the nucleus accumbens. The structures within the striatum are involved in the brain’s reward system and in its processing of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps control motivation and pleasure.
腦部掃描結(jié)果顯示，患有多動(dòng)癥的人的五個(gè)大腦區(qū)域較小。其中包括杏仁核，一種處理類似恐懼和愉悅的情感的杏仁狀結(jié)構(gòu)；海馬在學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和情感中發(fā)揮作用；另外在紋狀體中還有三個(gè)大腦區(qū)域---紋狀體尾狀核、殼核和伏隔核。在紋狀體中的這些結(jié)構(gòu)是大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)系統(tǒng)中的一部分，在它處理多巴胺的過程中，有一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)能控制動(dòng)機(jī)和情緒。

These differences were more dramatic in children than in adults, leading the study’s authors to conclude that ADHD involves delayed brain development. It appears that as the brains of people with ADHD develop and mature, these brain regions “catch up” to the brain regions of people without ADHD.
這些差異在兒童身上比成人顯現(xiàn)得更具戲劇性，根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究的作者得出的結(jié)論表明：患有多動(dòng)癥的人大腦發(fā)育較為遲緩。但當(dāng)有多動(dòng)癥的人的大腦發(fā)育并逐漸成熟時(shí)，這些大腦區(qū)域的發(fā)展會(huì)“趕超”沒有多動(dòng)癥的人。

At the time of the study, 455 of the participants with ADHD were taking psychostimulant medication like Adderall, and more than 600 others had taken psychostimulants in the past but were not currently on medication. Brain volume differences did not correlate with stimulant use, suggesting that such discrepancies were not a result of medication.
在研究期間，455名多動(dòng)癥患者服用了興奮劑藥物如Adderall，超過600人在以前服用過興奮劑但現(xiàn)在未服藥。腦容量的差異與使用興奮劑并無關(guān)系，這表明這種差異并不是由于藥物引起的。

“We only studied a small part of the brain,” Hoogman said. “There is still a long way to go.”
“我們只研究了大腦的一小部分，”Hoogman說?！耙嬲私獯竽X、研究多動(dòng)癥，還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走?！?/div>

（翻譯：索菲亞）

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