【備考指導】分析句子好方法
分析句子結構是對所學語法的綜合運用。對句子的結構是否清楚、明白是能否正確解答問題的關鍵。因此學會如何分析句子對更深刻、準確地理解題意,提高解題能力至關重要。
所謂分析句子就是要剖析句子各個不同成分,并弄清楚他們彼此之間的關系?,F(xiàn)對怎樣分析句子做一簡單介紹。
分析句子的步驟:
?、傧日页鼍渥拥闹^語動詞,并考慮動詞的性質。這是能否正確分析句子的關鍵。
?、谡页龊椭^語關系最密切的句子成分——主語,審查兩者之間的關系是否一致。
?、鄞_認動詞性質后,進一步分析動詞與其他句子成分的關系。如與賓語、賓語補足語、表語、狀語以及與小品詞的關系等。
現(xiàn)做具體說明如下:
1.謂語動詞:謂語動詞是句子的核心。任何時態(tài)、語態(tài),語氣都是由謂語動詞表示出來。所以在分析句子時首先要分析謂語動詞。
動詞有及物動詞和不及物動詞。根據他們的功能,可以構成下列幾種基本句型。
?、僦髡Z 系動詞 表語(主系表結構),如:
This lesson is very difficult. 這課很難。
?、谥髡Z 不及物動詞,如:
He has come.他已經來了。
③主語 及物動詞 賓語(主謂賓結構),如:
He reads English everyday. 他每天讀英語。
?、苤髡Z 及物動詞 間接賓語 直接賓語或主語及物動詞 直接賓語 介詞(to或for等) 間接賓語,如:
His father bought him a?new bike yesterday.
His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.
昨天他父親給他買了一輛新自行車。
?、葜髡Z 及物動詞 賓語十賓語補語,如:
We made him our monitor.我們讓他當班長。
2.主謂關系:任何簡單的句子都有主語和謂語,在分析主謂關系是否一致時,可從三個方面考慮。即語法上的一致,語言內容上的一致和就近一致。
①語法上的一致:指謂語動詞的形式要與主語的形式一致。主浯為單數形式,謂語動詞也采取單數形式;主語為復數形式,謂語動詞也采取復數形式。這個法則符合語法形式上一致的原則。
以單數名詞或代詞,動詞不定式短語,動名詞短浯或從句做主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式。以what引起的從句做主語時,在大多數情況下其后面的謂語動詞也用單數形式。如:
What we have seen is different from what we have heard.
(what從句作主語,動詞用單數)
To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,
(不定式短語作主語)
A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.
(不可數名詞作主語)
用“and”,和“both ... and”連接的并列主語,謂語動詞多用復數形式,但并列主語如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的時候,and后面的名詞沒有冠詞,謂語動詞用單數形式。如:
Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.
The poet and writer has come.
Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
主語是單數后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,謂語動詞仍用單數,如:
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone.
一些有復數的名詞,例如clothes,scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式,但如在成雙的東西的名詞前面有pair of時,其謂語動詞用單數。如:
My trousers are being mended.
This pair of scissors belongs to me.
有些詞尾有“s”的學科名稱,做主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。如:
Mathematics is taught here.
?、谡Z言內容上的一致:主要指從意義上考慮主謂一致的問題。主語形式上為單數,但意義上為復數,謂語動詞要用復數形式;主語形式上是復數,但意義上為單數,謂語動詞用單數形式。
One hundred tons of water were used last week.(強調數量)
Ten minutes is enough.(強調整體)
News is travelling fast nowadays.
This glass works was built in 1985.
有復數意義的名詞,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式。如:
The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.
Cattle feed on grass.
有些集合名詞,如:family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。說話人把它們所表示的人或事當做整體看時,作單數看待,謂語動詞用單數形式;說話者把它們表示的人或事物當做若干個體來看時,作復數看待,謂語動詞也用復數形式。如:
My family is large.
My family are anxious about his safety.
?、劬徒恢拢河刹⒘羞B詞如:whether…or,not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor,or連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與其最近的主語保持一致。如:
Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
Either his brother or his friends are wrong.
Not only you but also he is wrong.
Not only he but also you are wrong.
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