請將下面這段話翻譯成英文：

自隋朝起,封建政府開始從科舉考試(imperial examination)合格的應(yīng)試者中選拔官員。參加科舉考試的人有兩種:一種由學(xué)館選送的學(xué)生構(gòu)成,叫做生徒 (shengtu)；另一種叫做鄉(xiāng)貢(xianggong),由縣試合格者構(gòu)成。唐朝的科舉考試一般由禮部(Ministry of Rites)主持?？忌既『?再經(jīng)吏部(Ministry of Personnel)復(fù)試,根據(jù)成績授予相應(yīng)的官職?？婆e制度一直被多朝沿用,直到中國最后一個封建王朝—清朝。然而,明清時期,科舉制度演變成嚴格、呆板的制度,阻礙了中國考試制度的現(xiàn)代化和科學(xué)化發(fā)展。

參考翻譯

Since the Sui Dynasty,the feudal government started to select officials from the qualified candidates in the imperial examinations.There were two kinds of people taking the imperial examination.One was comprised of students chosen by academies, who were called shengtu; the other kind,called xianggong, was made up of those who had passed the examinations held by counties.The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was usually held by the Ministry of Rites.Those who passed the examination would be re-examined by the Ministry of Personnel and be conferred with relevant official positions according to their examination results.The imperial examination system was used throughout many dynasties until China's last imperial dynasty,the Qing Dynasty.However, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the imperial examination system became a strict and rigid institution which stopped China from adopting modern and scientific methods.

翻譯詳解

1.選拔官員:可譯為select officials。
2.學(xué)館:即古代的學(xué)校,此處的“學(xué)?！笨梢酝扑]當官,可見譯為school不合適, 能夠推薦當官的應(yīng)該是高等學(xué)府,故譯為academy。
3.由…構(gòu)成:可用詞組be comprised of來表達,還可以用詞組consist of, be made up of。
4.生徒:中國古代特有名詞,英語中沒有對應(yīng)的詞,故可用漢語拼音譯為shengtu。后面的“鄉(xiāng)貢”也同理,譯為xianggong。
5.縣試:即由縣里組織的考試,故可譯為examinations held by counties。
6.復(fù)試:可以用re-examine表達。
7.呆板的:可譯為rigid。
8.阻礙了中國考試制度的現(xiàn)代化和科學(xué)化發(fā)展:可理解為“阻礙了中國采用現(xiàn)代化和科學(xué)的方法”,故可譯為定語從句which stopped China from adopting modern and scientific methods。