6．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)　
（1)疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)　
疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和雙重賓語(yǔ)。如：　
When?to?start?has?not?been?decided．何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語(yǔ))　
I?don’t?know?what?to?do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語(yǔ))　
The?difficulty?was?how?to?cross?the?river．困難在于如何過(guò)河。(表語(yǔ))　
I?can?tell?you?where?to?get?this?book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買(mǎi)到此書(shū)。（雙重賓語(yǔ)）
（注）A.有時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞前可用介詞，如：　
I?have?no?idea?of?how?to?do?it.我不知道如何做此事?！?
B.動(dòng)詞know?后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，只能跟疑問(wèn)詞（如：how,?what）+不定式：　
While?still?a?young?boy,?Tom?knew?to?play?the?piano?well?and?as?he?grew?older,?he?wrote?operas,?the?most?famous?of?which?is?Carmen.　
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）?！?
When?the?streets?are?full?of?melting?snow,?you?cannot?help?but?getting?your?shoes?wet.　
(3)不帶to的不定式　
1）在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類(lèi)詞有：　
feel　覺(jué)得　observe?注意到，看到　overhear聽(tīng)到　
watch注視　listen?to聽(tīng)　perceive察覺(jué)，感知　
notice注意　see看見(jiàn)　look?at看　hear聽(tīng)　
On?seeing?the?young?child?fell?into?the?lake，Eric?sprang?to?his?feet，and?went?on?the?rescue.　
2)另一類(lèi)是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make,?let，have等。如：　
Let?him?do?it.讓他做吧?！?
I?would?have?you?know?that?I?am?ill．我想要你知道我病了?！?
(注)：　
①上述感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：　
He?was?seen?to?come．　
The?boy?was?made?to?go?to?bed?early.　
②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:　
He?was?surprised?to?find?the?sheep?(to)?break?fence?at?this?season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝?！?
3)在do?nothing／anything／everything?but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：　
Last?night?I?did?nothing?but?watch?TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒(méi)有干?！?
但是，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是“do?nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶?！?
The?doctor?told?him?nothing?but?to?stop?smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。　
There?was?nothing?for?them?to?do?but?to?remain?silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒(méi)有別有別的辦法?！?
（4）不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)　
1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：for?+名詞(或代詞賓格)+?不定式。例如：　
I?found?it?impossible?for?him?to?do?the?job?alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的?！?
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：　
It?was?wise?of?him?to?do?that．他那樣做是明智的?！?
2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為；①人稱(chēng)代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞；②名詞’s+動(dòng)名詞。例如：　
Tom?insisted?on?my?going?with?them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。　
He?dislikes?his?wife’s?working?late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。　
3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)詞主要有：absurd,?bold,?brave,?courageous,?careful,?careless,?clever,?wise,?foolish,?silly,?stupid,?good,?nice,?kind?thoughtful,?considerate,?greedy,?generous,?honest,?modest,?polite,?rude,?cruel?,selfish,?wicked,?wrong等
It?is?very?kind?of?you?to?help?me．你幫助我太好了?！?
間或也可用for?+?there?to?be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to?be）?！?
It’s?a?great?pity?for?there?to?be?much?trouble?in?the?company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。?
7．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型　
（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型　
1）Doing...+?v.?Reading?is?an?art.閱讀是門(mén)藝術(shù)。Seeing?is?believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。　
2)?It?is?+?no?use,?no?good?(fun,?a?great?pleasure,?a?waste?of?time,?a?bore...)等名詞+doing?sth.　
It?is?no?use?crying.哭沒(méi)有用。It?is?no?good?objecting.反對(duì)也沒(méi)有用。　
It?is?a?great?fun?playing?football．打籃球很有趣?！?
It?is?a?waste?of?time?trying?to?explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間?！?
3)It?is?+?useless?(nice,?good，interesting,?expensive等形容詞)+?doing?sth．　
It?is?useless?speaking.光說(shuō)沒(méi)用?！?
It?is?nice?seeing?you?again．真高興又遇到了你?！?
It?is?good?Playing?chess?after?supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好?！?
It?is?expensive?running?this?car．開(kāi)這種小車(chē)是浪費(fèi)?！?
4)There?is?no?+?doing.．.(there?is?no?表“不可能”)　
There?is?no?telling?what?he?is?going?to?do．說(shuō)出他要干什么是不可能的?！?
There?is?no?saying?what?may?happen.說(shuō)出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的?！?
5)There?is?no?use?(good/point/sense/harm)+doing?sth.做某事沒(méi)用(不好/意義/重要性)　
There?is?no?use?crying?over?spilt?milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無(wú)用?！?
6)have?difficulty?/trouble/problem?+?(in)+doing　
have作有解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)詞還有trouble,?fun,?a?hard?time,?a?good?time.　
例如：We?had?difficulty?(in)?carrying?out?the?plan．我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。　
7)feel?like?+?名詞　感覺(jué)像動(dòng)名詞?“?想要”?=would?like?to?+原形動(dòng)詞　
I?feel?like?a?newborn?baby．我感覺(jué)像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。　
Do?you?feel?like?going?to?a?movie?你想看電影嗎?　
I?don’t?feel?like?studying?tonight．今晚我不想讀書(shū)?！?
8)?spend/waste?time?doing?sth.　
They?spent?a?lot?time?(in)?making?preparations．他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備?！?
9)在require后只能用動(dòng)名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動(dòng)的意思也要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式?！?
This?problem?requires?studying?with?great?care．這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要仔細(xì)研究。　
10）cannot?help?doing?sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁矗?
I?cannot?help?laughing,?once?I?see?john?in?that?big?trouser.　
(2)有關(guān)分詞句型　
1)在表示感覺(jué)和心里狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類(lèi)表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞之后常跟“賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動(dòng)詞與分詞之間的賓語(yǔ)可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如：?
She?smelt?something?burning?and?saw?smoke?rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來(lái)了?！?
I?watched?them?rehearsing?the?play．我看他們排演戲?！?
I?could?feel?the?wind?blowing?on?my?face．我能感覺(jué)到風(fēng)在我臉上吹過(guò)?！?
2)表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)也可跟過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：　
I?caught?them?stealing?my?apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋(píng)果?！?
If?she?catches?me?reading?her?diary，she’ll?be?furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會(huì)憤怒的。　
We?found?him?waiting?to?receive?us．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們?！?
3)go?+現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng)。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚(yú)，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping?購(gòu)物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營(yíng)?！?
I’ll?go?camping?tomorrow．我明天去露營(yíng)?！?
I’ll?go?shopping．我去商店?！?
Would?you?like?to?go?skating?with?me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?　
4)be?busy?+?v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…　
I?am?busy?writing?my?thesis．我正忙著寫(xiě)論文?！?
His?assistant?is?busy(in)?correcting?papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷。　
或者be?busy?with?+?n.忙著做某事?！?
He?is?busy?with?his?work．他忙著工作?！?
5)What?do?you?say?to?+?ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)　
What?do?you?say?to?joining?us?for?dinner?和我們一起進(jìn)餐，你看怎么樣?　
（3）有關(guān)動(dòng)詞不定式句型　
下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法，只能用不定式形式?！?
can?not?help?but?do,　can?not?but?do,　cannot?choose?but?do,　can?do?nothing?but?do,　have?no?choice/alternative?to?do　
When?I?consider?how?talented?he?is?as?a?painter,?I?cannot?help?but?believe?that?the?public?will?appreciate?his?gift.　
(4)there?be的非謂語(yǔ)形式　
there?be非謂語(yǔ)形式可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。(其中作賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)在1991年和1994年測(cè)試過(guò)，定語(yǔ)見(jiàn)1996年題10。)　
The?students?expected?there?to?be?more?reviewing?classes?before?the?final?exams．(作賓語(yǔ)如1991年題30)　
1)作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用there?to?be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there?being。能這樣用的及物動(dòng)詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：　
We?don’t?want?there?to?be?any?comrades?lagging?behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊(duì)?！?
They?hate?there?to?be?long?queues?everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)?！?
We?have?no?objection?to?there?being?a?meeting?here．我們并不反對(duì)在這里開(kāi)會(huì)?！?
It?isn’t?enough?for?there?to?be?a?frost?tonight，so?I?can?leave?Jim’s?car?out?quite?safely．(作狀語(yǔ))?
2)作狀語(yǔ)多用there?being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞之后，for用there?to?be整個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作程度狀語(yǔ)，其它多半用there?being。　
There?being?nobody?else?at?hand,?I?had?to?do?by?myself．由于附近沒(méi)有人，我只得獨(dú)自干了。(原因狀語(yǔ))　
It’s?too?early?for?there?to?be?anybody?up．太早了，還不會(huì)有人起床。(作程度狀語(yǔ))　
There?having?been?no?rain?for?a?long?time，the?ground?was?very?dry．因?yàn)楹瞄L(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語(yǔ))　
3)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用for引導(dǎo)則要用there?to?be?！?
It?is?not?uncommon?for?there?to?be?problems?of?communication?between?old?and?young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問(wèn)題是很常見(jiàn)的?！?
There?being?a?kindergarten?on?campus?is?a?great?convenience?to?female?teachers．幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對(duì)女教師十分方便。　
4)作定語(yǔ)。?There?be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為there?be，there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：
This?is?the?fastest?train?(that)?there?is?to?Nanking．這是到南京的最快一班車(chē)?！?
I?must?make?full?use?of?the?time?there?is?left?to?me?and?do?as?much?as?I?can?for?the?people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。?