四六級(jí)考試改革后對(duì)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)詞匯量和綜合運(yùn)用能力的要求越來(lái)越高,所以掌握一定的詞匯量對(duì)考試尤為重要。下面介紹英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯領(lǐng)會(huì)方法,希望能幫助大家有效復(fù)習(xí)。

的考查重點(diǎn) ?

1)動(dòng)詞,名詞與介詞的搭配如:popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等?!??

2)習(xí)慣用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing;be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等?!??

3)由同一動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)如:come,go,set,peak等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)?!??

4)單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞,抽象名詞,形容詞和副詞多以近義詞、同義詞的形式出現(xiàn)?!??

5)介詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等,另外還應(yīng)注意rather than,other than,such as,none/nothing+but等詞在考題中的出現(xiàn)?!??

6)近年來(lái)考題中的新趨勢(shì)為:若干考點(diǎn)混合出現(xiàn):一些交際用語(yǔ)也時(shí)常出現(xiàn)在考題中。 ?

猜詞技巧 ?

閱讀材料中的每個(gè)詞與它前后的詞語(yǔ)或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系。我們可以利用語(yǔ)境(各種已知信息)推測(cè)、判斷某些生詞的詞義,主要線索如下: ?

一.針對(duì)性解釋 ?

針對(duì)性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想,在文章中對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)或詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對(duì)性,利用它們猜詞義比較容易。??

1.根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義 ?

如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。例如:anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定義可知,anthropology就是“研究人類的科學(xué)”。??

In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同樣,從上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語(yǔ)中的意思是“困境”。?

定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。??

2.根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義 ?

雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì),但是提供的信息足以使讀者猜出生詞詞義。復(fù)述部分可以是適當(dāng)詞、短語(yǔ)或是從句。??

同位語(yǔ) ?

"Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are tospeak and read intelligently. "??

此例逗號(hào)中短語(yǔ)意為“對(duì)詞意進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。該短語(yǔ)與前面生詞semanties是同位關(guān)系,因此我們不難猜出semanties指“語(yǔ)義學(xué)”。在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接,有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào),冒號(hào),分號(hào),引號(hào),和括號(hào)等。??

Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits。 ?

由同位語(yǔ)我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義---電容量。需要注意的是:同位語(yǔ)前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i.e.等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。??

定語(yǔ)從句 ?

Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. ??

根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語(yǔ)從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語(yǔ)a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義,即“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。??

3.根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義 ?

恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索,例如:??

The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. ??

句中“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”和“重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”是生詞的實(shí)例,通過(guò)它們我們可以猜出epochal的大致詞義“重要的”,這與其確切含義“劃時(shí)代的”十分接近。??

二.內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系 ?

根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。??

1.根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 ?

在一個(gè)句子或段落中,有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。例如:??

Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His pother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.??

該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞,但是句中短語(yǔ)in contrast,??

(相對(duì)照的,相對(duì)比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的,傲慢的”。??

表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite  of,in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。??

“A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.” ?該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ),但是通過(guò)上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系,即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開(kāi)。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義,“熟練的”。??

2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 ?

同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系,例如:??

“Green loves to talk,and his pothers are similarly loquacious.”??該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。??

表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。 ?

3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 ?

在句子或段落種,若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。例如:??

“Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.” ??根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。??

There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.此句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)從句的描書(shū)“許多示威者”,我們便可推知elbow的詞意“擠,擠過(guò)”。??

4.根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 ?

在句子或段落種,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。例如:??

“Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.” ??作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來(lái)替代它,由此推知其詞義為“使......陷入危險(xiǎn)、危及、危害”。??

“Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.”  ?句中detrimental四個(gè)生詞,但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后,不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的,有害的”。??

三.外部相關(guān)因素 ?

外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識(shí)。有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如:??

Husband:it’s really cold out tonight.??

Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.??

How about lighting the furnace???

根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),天氣寒冷時(shí),手肯定是“凍僵的,凍得麻木的”。??

The snake slithered through the grass. ?

根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí),我們可以推斷出slither詞義為“爬行”。??

四.在猜測(cè)詞義過(guò)程中,除了使用上面提到的一些技巧,我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識(shí),從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。 ?

1.根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義        ?

例:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.??

根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識(shí)的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。??

I’m illiterate about such things.??

詞根literate意為“有文化修養(yǎng)的,通曉的”,前綴il表示否定,因此illiterate指“一竅不通,不知道的”。??

2.根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義 ?

例:Insecticide is applied where it is needed.??

后綴cide表示“殺者,殺滅劑”,結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect(昆蟲(chóng)),不難猜出insecticide意為“殺蟲(chóng)劑”。??

Then the vapor may change into droplets.??

后綴let表示“小的”,詞根drop指“滴,滴狀物”。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來(lái),便可推斷出droplet詞義“小滴,微滴”。??

3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義 ?

例:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.??

Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞,但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由high(高的,強(qiáng)的)和light(光線)兩部分組成,合在一起便是“以強(qiáng)光照射,使突出”的意思。??

Bullfight is very popular in Spain.??

Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)結(jié)合在一起,指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)——斗牛。??

在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)練習(xí)中要靈活運(yùn)用上面提到的幾種猜測(cè)技巧,排除生詞的障礙,順利理解文章的思內(nèi)容,提高閱讀速度。