怎樣“啃”批評(píng)史這樣的硬骨頭
文學(xué)作品的翻譯往往講究用詞,而批評(píng)史,西方文論這類理論性文章則更考驗(yàn)譯者的邏輯思維。如何翻譯好這類文本呢?本文將以理查德·沃斯沃(Richard Waswo)的The Rise of the Vernaculars(《本土語言的興起》)為文本,比較兩種譯文,在比較中探尋一些方法。
原文1:Robert Burton’s complaint in 1621 that he could find no publisher willing to print his mammoth book in Latin marks the achievement of a kind of revolution during the sixteenth century. As the result of a conscious campaign and numerous polemics, first developed in Italy, then continued in France, the results of which were simply transferred to England, the major vernacular languages of Western Europe had by that date effectively dislodged the monopoly held by Latin on all forms of serious, written or printed, enquiry. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?-- Richard Waswo “The Rise of the Vernaculars”
譯文1:1621年,羅伯特·伯頓抱怨沒有出版商愿意出版他的書,因?yàn)闀袢绱u,又是用拉丁語寫的。這標(biāo)志著16世紀(jì)一場(chǎng)革命的勝利。這場(chǎng)革命發(fā)源于意大利,經(jīng)過一系列運(yùn)動(dòng)與辯論,發(fā)展到法國(guó),隨后革命成果直接影響到了英國(guó),此后,拉丁語在重要文獻(xiàn)書寫和出版方面的統(tǒng)治地位受到西歐本地語言的有力沖擊。
譯文2:Robert Burton曾在1621年抱怨找不到出版商來出版自己用拉丁文寫成的鴻篇巨著;不過,這倒是標(biāo)志著16世紀(jì)一場(chǎng)重大變革的成果。此前拉丁文在各類書面或印刷版本的嚴(yán)肅著述中都占據(jù)著壟斷地位;然而到16世紀(jì),意大利發(fā)動(dòng)了一場(chǎng)自覺的宣傳行動(dòng),多部辯論集在此期間問世。此后,變革發(fā)展到法國(guó),其成果又直接照搬到了英格蘭。到1621年的時(shí)候,拉丁文在書面嚴(yán)肅著述中的壟斷地位已經(jīng)受到了西歐本土語言的有力沖擊。
解析:
1、 每位作者都有自身的寫作特點(diǎn),翻譯時(shí)了解作者的特點(diǎn)將有助于把握整體文風(fēng)。比如本文作者Richard Waswo 并不喜歡平鋪直敘,喜歡把話說一半,讓讀者自己去琢磨。翻譯時(shí),譯者應(yīng)該把隱含的部分翻出來,方便讀者理解上下文。Richard Waswo 喜愛用長(zhǎng)句,復(fù)雜句,翻譯時(shí)一定要把整篇文章的基本意思理解透徹了。
2、 “Robert Burton’s complaint in 1621 that he could find no publisher willing to print his mammoth book in Latin marks the achievement of a kind of revolution during the sixteenth century.”這句譯文1讀完,會(huì)讓讀者認(rèn)為所謂“一場(chǎng)革命的勝利”可能意思是長(zhǎng)篇著作沒人讀了,這個(gè)事件最重要的點(diǎn)是用拉丁文寫出來的書出版商覺得沒人讀了,這標(biāo)志著當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生了變革。
3、 “As the result of a conscious campaign and numerous polemics, first developed in Italy, then continued in France, the results of which were simply transferred to England, the major vernacular languages of Western Europe had by that date effectively dislodged the monopoly held by Latin on all forms of serious, written or printed, enquiry.”這句為長(zhǎng)難句,譯文1是按照原文的順序翻譯的,譯文2對(duì)原文語序做了調(diào)整。漢語強(qiáng)調(diào)“想法變動(dòng)”(movement of ideas),英文強(qiáng)調(diào)“句法變動(dòng)“(movement of syntax),會(huì)把主干結(jié)構(gòu)先拎出來,附屬結(jié)構(gòu)往后堆。所以在原文中,明明拉丁文的壟斷發(fā)在前,但因?yàn)槭歉綄俳Y(jié)構(gòu),就堆到了句子最后,但如果翻譯時(shí)也這么處理,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致讀者看得沒頭沒尾。
原文2:When, just a century earlier, intellectuals or scholars wished to address the widest audience of their peers, there was no choice about the language: Erasmus’s Moriae encomium [Praise of folly] (1511), More’s Utopia (1516), Polydore Vergil’s Anglicae historiae libri XXVI (1534).
譯文1:而一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,知識(shí)分子和學(xué)者們的受眾范圍只限于貴族,因此對(duì)于語言幾乎沒有選擇的余地:伊拉斯謨斯的《愚神頌》,莫爾的《烏托邦》,波利多爾·弗吉爾的《英國(guó)史》(1534)。
譯文2:僅僅一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,知識(shí)精英和學(xué)者若要面向同時(shí)代的廣泛讀者著書立說,他們還無法選擇拉丁文之外的語言。這樣的例子如伊拉斯謨斯的《愚人頌》(Moriae encomium) (1511)、莫爾的《烏托邦》 (Utopia)(1516)、波利多爾·弗吉爾的《英國(guó)史》(Anglicae historiae libri xxvi)(1534)。
解析:
1、 無需生硬地套用原文里的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),尤其需要注意的是冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、逗號(hào)、分號(hào)等。完全照搬原文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),有時(shí)反而畫蛇添足,降低譯文可讀性。
2、 譯文要注意長(zhǎng)度,對(duì)于長(zhǎng)句而言,較為恰當(dāng)?shù)拈L(zhǎng)度是一口氣讀完。如果一口氣讀不完,則會(huì)影響讀者觀感,需要斷句。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?